{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:58:53Z","timestamp":1781287133582,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009647","name":"University Grants Commission- Nepal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRS-78-79-S&T-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRS-78-79-S&T-38"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009647","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The total phenolic content and flavonoid content of the\n                    <jats:italic>Usnea cornuta<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract were evaluated as 210.31\u2009\u00b1\u20092.87\u2009mg GAE\/g and 22.42\u2009\u00b1\u20090.78\u2009mg QE\/g, respectively. The crude extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    : 32.91\u2009\u00b1\u20091.27 \u00b5g\/mL) and notable anti-diabetic effects via \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition, with IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of 2.59\u2009\u00b1\u20092.23 \u00b5g\/mL for the dichloromethane extract. LC-MS analysis identified eleven metabolites like D-mannitol (1), galbinic acid (2), conhypoprotocetraric acid (3), roccellaric acid (4), diffractatic acid (5), haemathamnolic acid isomer (6), conprotocetraric acid (7), constictic acid I (8), salazinic acid II (9), menegazziaic acid (10), and one unknown compound (11). Among these, menegazziaic acid exhibited the strongest binding affinity of \u22129.7 kcal\/mol with the target (PDB ID 3A4A), favorable molecular dynamics, binding free energy (MM\/GBSA, and pharmacokinetic profiles. Furthermore, the extract showed strong antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones of 23\u2009mm and 26\u2009mm at 10\u2009mg\/mL against\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 29213 and ATCC 245, respectively. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of\n                    <jats:italic>Usnea cornuta<\/jats:italic>\n                    , specifically for managing oxidative stress, microbial infections, and type 2 diabetes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0351423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:35:55Z","timestamp":1781285755000},"page":"e0351423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antioxidant, antibacterial, in vitro, and in silico \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition activities and chemical profiling of Usnea cornuta Korb"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Deepa","family":"Karki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuraj","family":"Phunyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tika Ram","family":"Lamichhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepika","family":"Karki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1065-5727","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Achyut","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0351423.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.4065\/78.4.447","article-title":"Contributions of insulin-resistance and insulin-secretory defects to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"78","author":"JE Gerich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351423.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399819666230413094200","article-title":"Prevalence of Diabetes in India: A Review of IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th Edition","volume":"20","author":"A Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"issue":"9277","key":"pone.0351423.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05415-0","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"358","author":"MA Atkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351423.ref004","first-page":"3","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"46","author":"SE Kahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351423.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200700470","article-title":"The Search for Novel Human Pancreatic \u03b1\u2010Amylase Inhibitors: High\u2010Throughput Screening of Terrestrial and Marine Natural Product Extracts","volume":"9","author":"CA Tarling","year":"2008","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"pone.0351423.ref006","first-page":"27","article-title":"Lichens Used in Traditional Medicine","author":"SD Crawford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lichen Secondary Metabolites"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0351423.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11081077","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Isolated Secondary Metabolites from Lichens and Their Antioxidative Properties","volume":"11","author":"J Ele\u010dko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0351423.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1482-6381","article-title":"Lichen Depsidones with Biological Interest","volume":"88","author":"I Ure\u00f1a-Vacas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351423.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1017\/S0024282921000190","article-title":"Quinone reductase activity is widespread in lichens","volume":"53","author":"CE Moyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lichenologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0351423.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-010-9189-6","article-title":"Lichens as a potential natural source of bioactive compounds: a review","volume":"9","author":"V Shukla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351423.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.1003354","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of lichen species and their secondary metabolites. 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