{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:17:26Z","timestamp":1783707446325,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# 108163-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 108163-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as hypertension, are amongst the most fatal conditions afflicting people living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), including Bangladesh. This study addresses the lack of population-based studies in rural Bangladesh by examining the prevalence and distribution of hypertension and its associated risk factors. To this end, we surveyed adults aged \u226518 years (i.e., household heads and their spouses) from 7384 households across 149 villages in rural Bangladesh in 2017 using a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data on blood pressure, anthropometric, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and behavioral risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified age, gender, and socioeconomic status as potential predictors of hypertension. The findings also showed that men and women from higher socioeconomic status (SES) groups had higher rates of overweight and obesity, risk factors for the development of hypertension (4.29% and 1.4% in adult men; 5.8% and 2.29% in adult women), as well as higher rates of fruit and vegetable consumption (10.29% and 7.25% in adult men; 9.95% and 6.84% in adult women). A significant association between tobacco consumption and age was observed for women (p=&lt;0.0001), while higher levels of physical activity were found among men aged 45\u201354 years [OR:1.9, CI 95% (1.1\u20133.1)]. Furthermore, women in the highest SES brackets were 1.3 times as likely to engage in \u201cmoderate\u201d physical activity as those in the lowest brackets. Age and overweight\/obesity were found to be the strongest risk factors for hypertension in both genders, while education was not found to be significantly associated with hypertension in women. Notably, the findings revealed that 33.7% of men and 28.6% of women had elevated blood pressure, qualifying them as either prehypertensive or hypertensive. As such, we recommend that policy interventions aimed at stemming the growth of hypertension among Bangladesh\u2019s rural populations should take gender-specific risk factors, rural-urban disparities, and socioeconomic context into serious policy consideration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0351569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:45:41Z","timestamp":1783705541000},"page":"e0351569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension in rural Bangladesh: A population-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sobiya Aziz","family":"Badat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8008-2496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C. Emdad","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakhawat","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0737-5940","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gias U.","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0351569.ref001","volume-title":"Non-communicable diseases progress monitor","author":"WHO (World Health Organization)","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0351569.ref002","author":"WHO (World Health Organization)","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351569.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049133","article-title":"Multimorbidity of non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"OA Asogwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351569.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30058-X","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and non-communicable disease behavioural risk factors in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"L Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0351569.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.05.044","article-title":"The association of socioeconomic status with hypertension in 76 low- and middle-income countries","volume":"80","author":"TK Kirschbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0351569.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000787","article-title":"Distribution of diabetes, hypertension and non-communicable disease risk factors among adults in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"3","author":"E Fottrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0351569.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274978","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in the risk factors of noncommunicable diseases (hypertension and diabetes) among Bangladeshi population: evidence based on population level data analysis","volume":"17","author":"MA Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351569.ref008","first-page":"7","article-title":"Diabetes, hypertension, and comorbidity among Bangladeshi adults: associated factors and socio-economic inequalities","volume":"10","author":"S Kundu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0351569.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267243","article-title":"Prevalence, trends and associated factors of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh: evidence from BHDS 2011 and 2017-18","volume":"17","author":"NJ Sathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0351569.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167140","article-title":"Socio-economic inequality of chronic non-communicable diseases in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"T Biswas","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0351569.ref011","first-page":"124","article-title":"Trends and patterns in non-communicable diseases and emerging risk factors in LMICs and Bangladesh: An epidemiological transition perspective.","volume-title":"Red Alert! 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