{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T18:04:38Z","timestamp":1784225078311,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032209","name":"Saudi National Institute of health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["46638923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46638923"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032209","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dengue fever is one of the major mosquito-borne diseases worldwide, and studies have shown that more than half of the world population could be at risk of dengue in the future. To date, there are no universally effective vaccines or specific antiviral treatments for dengue virus (DENV). Dengue fever has reported in the Western region of Saudi Arabia since 1994. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular epidemiology of the DENV in Saudi Arabia, with implications for therapeutic development, is still absent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study aimed to integrate analysis of the circulating DENV genome and mutations of the most prevalent dengue serotype in the therapeutic context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective data were used to conduct analysis of dengue infections in Jeddah city in Saudi Arabia from January to October 2024. All Saudis, non-Saudis, and Hajj and Umrah visitors with a confirmed diagnosis of dengue fever were included in the study. The demographic factors and DENV serotypes were explored. The genome of the most prevalent DENV serotype was sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technology. Closely related strains were searched using the BLAST NCBI tool, and the NGPhylogeny server was used to analyze the phylogenetic relationship. In order to provide a biologically appropriate template for drug-design initiative, the dengue structural protein (prM) of an isolated strain was optimized through receptor modeling and mutation analysis using ICM tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of the circulating DENV serotypes showed that higher incidence rates occurred in young adults, males, and from the Middle Eastern region of origin. The majority (95.3%) of confirmed cases were caused by the serotype DENV-2. A high nucleotide sequence identity was noted for strains originating from Pakistan (99.68%). Five ligands containing nitrogen-rich chemical scaffolds (piperidine, azoles, and sulfonamides) with a variety of substituents were identified by the study as possible binding hits to both wild-type and mutant prM receptor structures. Although of limited sample size and preliminary docking results, the epidemiological and molecular data generated in the study provide useful information for epidemic preparedness and possible therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0351649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T17:25:12Z","timestamp":1784222712000},"page":"e0351649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological and genomic analysis of the dengue virus isolate from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Implications for future therapeutic development"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2070-7770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shymaa","family":"Damfo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eitezaz Abdulshakoor","family":"Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Yahya","family":"Marouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Abdulmajeed","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khader Saleh","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bader Mohammed","family":"Alqarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona A.","family":"Almusawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0351649.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0476-8","article-title":"The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue","volume":"4","author":"JP Messina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.07.009","article-title":"Modelling spatial patterns of urban growth in Africa","volume":"44","author":"C Linard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0351649.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0376-y","article-title":"Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus","volume":"4","author":"MUG Kraemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0351649.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12325","article-title":"National spatial and temporal patterns of notified dengue cases, Colombia 2007-2010","volume":"19","author":"AC Restrepo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref005","first-page":"13","article-title":"Dengue in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1994-2002","volume":"27","author":"M Fakeeh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dengue Bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.033","article-title":"Dengue fever as an emerging disease in Afghanistan: Epidemiology of the first reported cases","volume":"99","author":"MN Sahak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref007","article-title":"Genomic characterization and serotype distribution of dengue virus circulating in Pakistan during 2024","author":"Z Jamal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2023.03.015","article-title":"A second local dengue fever outbreak: A field experience from Muscat Governorate in Oman, 2022","volume":"7","author":"L Al Balushi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJID Reg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-12013-y","article-title":"Simultaneous circulation of all four dengue virus serotypes during a single outbreak in Kassala, Eastern Sudan 2023","volume":"25","author":"AO Musa","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2018.38.50","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Dengue E\/NS1 Junction Genotype 2 Isolated From Saudi Patients, Jeddah Province","volume":"21","author":"S El Hadad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.09.009","article-title":"Seroprevalence of dengue fever and the associated sociodemographic, clinical, and environmental factors in Makkah, Madinah, Jeddah, and Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"189","author":"R Al-Raddadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351649.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2020-036","article-title":"Determining Risk Factors for Dengue Fever Severity in Jeddah City, a Case-Control Study (2017)","volume":"69","author":"WA Abualamah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol J Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref013","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of asymptomatic dengue virus infection in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"GA Jamjoom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology: Research and Treatment"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.02.014","article-title":"Dengue infection in patients with febrile illness and its relationship to climate factors: A case study in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, for the period 2010-2014","volume":"181","author":"AM Hashem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0351649.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2015.05.006","article-title":"The epidemiology of Dengue fever in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"A Alhaeli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0351649.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13220","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413220","article-title":"Explaining Neighbourhood Variations in the Incidence of Dengue Fever in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia","volume":"18","author":"I Alkhaldy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351649.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0650","article-title":"Risk Factors and Predictors of Severe Dengue in Saudi Population in Jeddah, Western Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study","volume":"102","author":"MA Hegazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0351649.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.08.003","article-title":"Temporal and spatial patterns of dengue geographical distribution in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"H Al-Nefaie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0351649.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-5967.12685","article-title":"Prevalence of dengue fever in Saudi Arabia: Jeddah as a case study","volume":"53","author":"HS Alyahya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Entomological Research"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-014-0235-7","article-title":"Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of dengue type 1 virus isolated from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"EI Azhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.04.002","article-title":"Diversity of dengue virus-3 genotype III in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"183","author":"AM Hashem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2017.09.005","article-title":"First complete genome sequence of circulating dengue virus serotype 3 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"21","author":"AM Hashem","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref023","author":"GASTAT"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref024","author":"GASTAT","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4379-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Indonesia: analysis of five decades data from the National Disease Surveillance","volume":"12","author":"H Harapan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.ijph_1517_22","article-title":"Dengue outbreak update in India: 2022","volume":"67","author":"N Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351649.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106608","article-title":"Molecular evolutionary insights into the repeated introductions and cryptic transmission of dengue virus in Saudi Arabia","volume":"91","author":"MB Bello","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-023-00188-8","article-title":"The emergence of an imported variant of dengue virus serotype 2 in the Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"O Dafalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0351649.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.36959\/856\/520","article-title":"Distribution of Dengue Virus Serotypes in Jazan Region, Southwest Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"D Ommer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Public Health Reports"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/32343","article-title":"Role of Epidemiological Data Within the Drug Development Lifecycle: A Chronic Migraine Case Study","author":"A Manack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiology - Current Perspectives on Research and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83737-5","article-title":"Prioritizing antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 by integrating viral complete genome sequences and drug chemical structures","volume":"11","author":"L Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199182","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis and docking study of neuraminidase gene of influenza A\/H1N1 viruses circulating in Iran from 2010 to 2019","volume":"334","author":"S Moeini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veae102","article-title":"Comprehensive molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses in Brazil: insights from a nationwide analysis","volume":"11","author":"IC Brcko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0351649.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050940","article-title":"Molecular Characterization and Identification of Potential Inhibitors for \u201cE\u201d Protein of Dengue Virus","volume":"14","author":"RG Racherla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199497","article-title":"Dominance of dengue virus serotype-2 in Pakistan (2023\u20132024): Molecular characterization of the envelope gene and exploration of antiviral targets","volume":"350","author":"H Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00462-z","article-title":"Clinico-genomic study reveals association of dengue virus genome high frequency mutations with dengue disease severity","volume":"15","author":"Kanika","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351649.ref037","article-title":"prM-reactive antibodies reveal a role for partially mature virions in dengue virus pathogenesis","volume":"120","author":"KA Dowd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351649.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae241","article-title":"The EMBL-EBI Job Dispatcher sequence analysis tools framework in 2024","volume":"52","author":"F Madeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz303","article-title":"NGPhylogeny.fr: new generation phylogenetic services for non-specialists","volume":"47","author":"F Lemoine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0351649.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01488-1","article-title":"ColabFold: making protein folding accessible to all","volume":"19","author":"M Mirdita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"7873","key":"pone.0351649.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"J Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref043","author":"Neurosnap","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0351649.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.540150503","article-title":"ICM\u2014A new method for protein modeling and design: Applications to docking and structure prediction from the distorted native conformation","volume":"15","author":"R Abagyan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Comput Chem"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref045","author":"L Molsoft","year":"2026"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351649.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SC03115J","article-title":"A poised fragment library enables rapid synthetic expansion yielding the first reported inhibitors of PHIP(2), an atypical bromodomain","volume":"7","author":"OB Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref047","author":"L Molsoft","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0351649.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.764","article-title":"Virologic and serologic surveillance for dengue fever in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1994-1999","volume":"65","author":"M Fakeeh","year":"2001","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0768-7","article-title":"The prevalence of dengue virus serotypes in asymptomatic blood donors reveals the emergence of serotype 4 in Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"AM Ashshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0351649.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24785","article-title":"Phylogenetic characterization of Circulating dengue and Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever viruses in Western Saudi Arabia and lack of evidence of Zika virus in the region: A retrospective study, 2010\u20102015","volume":"89","author":"MS Al\u2010Saeed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2024.2425493","article-title":"Dengue virus infection in Saudi Arabia from 2003 to 2023: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"AA Rabaan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3579-4","article-title":"Assessment and an updated list of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"AM Alahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2019.04.006","article-title":"Dengue fever in Saudi Arabia: A review of environmental and population factors impacting emergence and spread","volume":"30","author":"KK Altassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref054","author":"WHO"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0351649.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2021.42.11.20210124","article-title":"The epidemiology and incidence of dengue in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, during 2017-2019","volume":"42","author":"S Melebari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28453-y","article-title":"Epidemiological and genomic analysis of dengue cases in Guangzhou, China, from 2010 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"L Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trs011","article-title":"Geographical distribution and spatio-temporal patterns of dengue cases in Jeddah Governorate from 2006-2008","volume":"107","author":"AG Alzahrani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.09.005","article-title":"Clinical profile and outcome of hospitalized patients during first outbreak of dengue in Makkah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"105","author":"NA Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0351649.ref059","first-page":"9","article-title":"Characteristics of dengue fever in a large public hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"18","author":"M Ayyub","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.26719\/2012.18.1.15","article-title":"Factors associated with the spread of dengue fever in Jeddah Governorate, Saudi Arabia","volume":"18","author":"AAN Kholedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0351649.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt022","article-title":"Seroprevalence of dengue virus infection in Aseer and Jizan regions, Southwestern Saudi Arabia","volume":"107","author":"TA Al-Azraqi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0351649.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2012.135","article-title":"Assessing the risk for dengue fever based on socioeconomic and environmental variables in a geographical information system environment","volume":"6","author":"HM Khormi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351649.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2011.159","article-title":"Modeling spatio-temporal risk changes in the incidence of Dengue fever in Saudi Arabia: a geographical information system case study","volume":"6","author":"HM Khormi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref064","article-title":"Epitope dynamics and antigenic shifts in dengue virus serotype 2 cosmopolitan genotype with structural changes in Bangladesh from 2017 to 2023","author":"S Alam","year":"2026","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.199015","article-title":"A group of infection-enhancing and focus size-reducing monoclonal antibodies recognized an \u201ca and c\u201d strands epitope in the pr domain of Dengue Virus prM","volume":"323","author":"P Keelapang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"pone.0351649.ref066","unstructured":"Dafalla OMaE. Polyprotein, partial [dengue virus type 2]. 2021."}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0351649","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T17:25:26Z","timestamp":1784222726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0351649"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0351649","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]}}}