{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:58:37Z","timestamp":1781632717065,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study evaluated calcitonin as an adjunct therapy for reducing phantom limb pain (PLP) following lower limb amputation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 35 patients who received at least 3 days of calcitonin treatment between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2023. We collected demographic data and pain ratings (intensity, distress, and interference with activity) before and after calcitonin treatment. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests analysed the data, with a two-way repeated measures ANOVA used to compare outcomes between patients with and without diabetes. Raw and Standardized mean differences (Cohen\u2019s d) are presented for each measure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average age of participants was 57.09 years (SD\u2009=\u200913.66), with 40% female. Amputation types were below-knee (65.7%), above-knee (25.7%), and other (8.6%). The main causes of amputation included diabetic foot infection (25.7%), peripheral vascular disease (34.3%), trauma (25.7%), and other (14.3%). Ten participants had diabetes, and 20% had depression.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Calcitonin was associated with significant reductions in pain outcomes from pre- to post-intervention (Day 0 to Day 7), with calcitonin given from day 1\u20133. Mean pain intensity decreased from 6.41 to 5.24 (Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.66); p\u2009=\u20090.02), and pain-related distress decreased from 5.85 to 4.81 (Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.71; p\u2009=\u20090.014). Perceived pain relief scores increased from 33.69 to 58.21, indicating greater patient-reported pain relief following treatment (Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.53; p\u2009=\u20090.035). No significant differences in pain intensity or distress were observed between patients with and without diabetes. Additionally, there was no significant change in the Oral Morphine Equivalent Daily Dose (p\u2009=\u20090.94).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, calcitonin significantly reduced perceived pain intensity and pain-related distress scores while increasing perceived pain relief scores (i.e., patients\u2019 reported degree of pain reduction), with similar effects observed in both patients with and without diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0351739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:30:43Z","timestamp":1781631043000},"page":"e0351739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Calcitonin as an adjunct for phantom limb pain"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5107-489X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sneha","family":"Vidyasagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanakamani","family":"Jeyaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Farah","family":"Zahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Varghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0351739.ref001","article-title":"Current understanding of phantom pain and its treatment","volume":"25","author":"CJ Culp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0351739.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-023-01010-x","article-title":"Calcitonin in the treatment of phantom limb pain: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"J Neum\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"pone.0351739.ref003","article-title":"Phantom limb pain.","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"AA Hanyu-Deutmeyer","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0351739.ref004","volume-title":"Opioid dose equivalence calculation table","author":"Faculty of Pain Medicine, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0351739.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.01.009","article-title":"Phantom limb pain after amputation in diabetic patients does not differ from that after amputation in nondiabetic patients","volume":"154","author":"RL Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0351739.ref006","article-title":"Opioids for neuropathic pain","author":"ED McNicol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0351739.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaed\/mkv028","article-title":"Pain after amputation","volume":"16","author":"MJE Neil","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJA Education"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0351739.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1798-8","article-title":"Calcitonin for treating acute pain of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"JA Knopp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0351739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:30:45Z","timestamp":1781631045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0351739"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yusuf Oloruntoyin","family":"Ayipo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0351739","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]}}}