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Additionally,\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Af<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) has been reported as one of the most common pathogens associated with mycobacteria in patients with cystic fibrosis. Mycobacterial virulence factors, like lipoarabinomannan, have been shown to interfere with host\u2019s intracellular pathways required for an effective immune response, however, the immunological basis for mycobacterial-fungal coinfection is still unknown. We therefore investigated the effect of lipoarabinomannan on macrophage responses against\n                    <jats:italic>Af<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated with non-mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (LAM) from\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium smegmatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    or mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) from\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    for 2 hours and then infected with swollen\n                    <jats:italic>Af<\/jats:italic>\n                    conidia. Cell death was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase release. Cytokine release was measured in supernatant using Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Colony forming units counting and time-lapse fluorescence microscopy was performed for studying conidia killing by macrophages. BMDMs stimulated with LAM showed increased cell death and inflammatory cytokine release in a dose-dependent manner, characterised by a significant increase of IL-1\u03b2 release. Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and CFUs revealed that both LAM and ManLAM significantly decrease the capacity of macrophages to kill\n                    <jats:italic>Af<\/jats:italic>\n                    conidia within the first 6 hours of infection. The mycobacterial virulence factor, lipoarabinomannan, disrupts macrophage capacity to efficiently clear\n                    <jats:italic>Af<\/jats:italic>\n                    at early stages of infection\n                    <jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0351935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:30:07Z","timestamp":1783618207000},"page":"e0351935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan negatively interferes with macrophage responses to Aspergillus fumigatus in-vitro"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3736-6850","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luis E.","family":"Gonzales-Huerta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renad","family":"Aljohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5785-5307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlton A.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1014-7343","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Darius P. 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