{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T17:48:48Z","timestamp":1782409728420,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brandforsk","award":["321-006 (2022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321-006 (2022)"]}]},{"name":"Brandforsk","award":["321-006 (2022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321-006 (2022)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"VEGA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1\/0755\/25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0755\/25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["APVV-24-0143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-24-0143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Transitioning to a resource-efficient and sustainable circular economy is vital for tackling climate- and environmental-related challenges. This study demonstrates a closed-loop strategy for upcycling agricultural biowaste eggshells. Water-insoluble proteins were extracted from both shell membranes and shell fragments by boiling in water using protein denaturants. The ground eggshells also were used to prepare calcium acetate (Ca(CH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    COO)\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and to treat Scots pine (\n                    <jats:italic>Pinus sylvestris<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) sapwood. Mineralisation of the wood was achieved by performing a two-step impregnation process using aqueous solutions of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and Ca(CH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    COO)\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    salts. Morphological studies revealed the relatively low saturation of wood matrix with mineral, with cell lumina mostly unfilled, while elemental mapping confirmed homogeneous distribution of Ca and P within the wood matrix. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that wood treatment resulted in the\n                    <jats:italic>in-situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    co-precipitation of low-crystallinity hydroxyapatite (Ca\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    (PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    (OH)\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and spectroscopic analysis indicated carbonate substitution within the Ca\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    (PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    (OH)\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    crystal lattice, suggesting the formation of carbonated hydroxyapatite (Ca\n                    <jats:sub>10-x<\/jats:sub>\n                    (PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>6-x<\/jats:sub>\n                    (CO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    (OH)\n                    <jats:sub>2-x-2y<\/jats:sub>\n                    (CO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>y<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and cone calorimeter (CC) measurements of mineralised wood revealed a reduction in the total heat release (THR) compared with untreated wood, indicating potential for further optimisation of wood modification process. Results suggest that the proposed aqueous solution-based processing approach for converting an abundant resource, chicken eggshells, into value-added products has potential for new technology and bioeconomy development and represents a promising pathway towards improved sustainability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0351943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T17:26:17Z","timestamp":1782408377000},"page":"e0351943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Circular economy approach to eggshell waste utilisation: Insoluble protein extraction and CaCO3 upcycling for carbonated hydroxyapatite (cHAP)-based fire-resistant wood"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3283-9313","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edita","family":"Garskaite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Euston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0060-5785","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jozef","family":"Martinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Rantuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0435-5573","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Konrad","family":"Wilkens Flecknoe-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"van Hees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"F\u00f6rsth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Bystr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7091-6696","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dietrich","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick","family":"Sandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0351943.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioeco.2023.100051","article-title":"Treatment and valorization of bio-waste in the EU","volume":"3","author":"M Kircher","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFB Bioeconomy Journal"},{"key":"pone.0351943.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0713-2743(04)80011-4","article-title":"Agricultural wastes.","author":"TA Seadi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Waste Management Series. 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