{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:52:33Z","timestamp":1792788753451,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["2019R1A2C1084080; RS-2024-00336436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A2C1084080; RS-2024-00336436"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Periodontal disease involves persistent inflammation and alveolar bone loss. Photobiomodulation using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may regulate inflammation and bone remodelling, but the optimal wavelength and irradiation timing remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human gingival fibroblasts and RAW 264.7 macrophages were irradiated with 525, 630, or 850 nm LED light before or after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The effects of 630 nm irradiation were further evaluated in primary mouse calvarial osteoblasts, MC3T3-E1 cells, bone marrow-derived macrophages, and RAW 264.7 osteoclast precursors. Inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide production, cell viability, osteoblast differentiation, and osteoclast formation were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the wavelengths tested, 630 nm irradiation most consistently reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and secretion and decreased nitric oxide production without affecting cell viability. In primary osteoblasts and MC3T3-E1 cells, 630 nm irradiation at 5 and 10 J\/cm\u00b2 increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteogenic marker expression, RUNX2 protein levels, and Smad1\/5\/9 phosphorylation. In contrast, the same irradiation conditions did not significantly affect osteoclast differentiation or the expression of osteoclast-related markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Irradiation with 630 nm LED light suppressed inflammatory responses and promoted osteoblast differentiation without enhancing osteoclastogenesis. These findings suggest that 630 nm photobiomodulation may provide a balanced therapeutic approach for periodontal disease, although further validation in animal models and clinical studies is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0351995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:37:32Z","timestamp":1792690652000},"page":"e0351995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["630 nm light-emitting diode irradiation suppresses inflammation and promotes osteoblast differentiation in periodontal cell models \u2013 in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jin-Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University","place":["Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Chonnam National University Medical School","place":["Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Microbiology and Immunology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Seo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University","place":["Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Bio & Health Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI)","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5544-9572","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jae-Ho","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chonnam National University Medical School","place":["Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea"],"department":["Department of Microbiology and Immunology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0772-9588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sun-Hee","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio & Health Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI)","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0351995.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514552491","article-title":"Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990-2010: a systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"93","author":"NJ Kassebaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0351995.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3785","article-title":"Periodontitis: from microbial immune subversion to systemic 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