{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T18:31:13Z","timestamp":1785868273008,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sugarcane crop is used for making several eco-friendly food products, making it one of the most important crops in the world. Issues in how sugarcane gets from the field to the factory like hidden dealings and fake shortages, really hurt farmers\u2019 earnings and even national economies. The way things are currently managed varies a lot in openness, making it tough for authorities to catch illegal exports or guarantee farmers get paid fairly. To tackle these problems, this article suggests a new system built on blockchain technology. It is designed to make the sugarcane supply chain more traceable and trustworthy. We\u2019re introducing a special digital currency called Sugar Coin (SC) to follow transactions between everyone involved. Along with this, we have a full system for handling these transactions using smart contracts. We\u2019re also using something called Inter Planetary File Systems (IPFS) to securely store private information from farmers and retailers. This helps keep data safe and easily accessible. Tests show that our suggested framework works better than other supply chain projects when it comes to how quickly blocks are processed, how many transactions it can handle, and the costs involved. This research makes the sugarcane world more reliable and open, and it also suggests a lasting economic plan by launching SugarCoin through something called an Initial Coin Offering (ICO).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0352021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:34:33Z","timestamp":1785864873000},"page":"e0352021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing traceability and trust in the sugarcane supply chain using a blockchain-based framework with smart contracts and tokenization"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4095-8868","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Shoaib","family":"Farooq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8508-6912","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junaid Nasir","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haroon Abdul","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Asad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzma","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4646-4551","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali","family":"Shahaab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352021.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031267","article-title":"Food for thought: Addressing urban food security risks through urban agriculture","volume":"13","author":"J Steenkamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"MDPI Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352021.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.10.003","article-title":"Peptide therapeutics: current status and future directions","volume":"20","author":"K Fosgerau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73295","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2918000","article-title":"Blockchain-based soybean traceability in agricultural supply chain","volume":"7","author":"K Salah","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352021.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(02)00234-0","article-title":"Sugarcane genomics: depicting the complex genome of an important tropical crop","volume":"5","author":"L Grivet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Plant Biology"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref005","unstructured":"Opara UL. Traceability in agriculture and food supply chain: a review of basic concepts, technological implications, and future prospects. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment. 2003:101\u20136."},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10127","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890507","article-title":"Blockchain for AI: Review and Open Research Challenges","volume":"7","author":"K Salah","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0352021.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.10.097","article-title":"Production of bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse: status and perspectives","volume":"101","author":"CA Cardona","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref008","volume-title":"Evaluating the Effect of Coated Urea and Urea-Ammonium-Nitrate Solution on Cane Tonnage, Sugar Yield, and Leaf-Soil Nitrogen Content Under Louisiana Sugarcane Production System","author":"HJM Lagos","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003504122","volume-title":"Sugarcane Cultivation and Management: Challenges and Opportunities","author":"KK Verma","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9728","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3049920","article-title":"A Blockchain-Based Approach for Drug Traceability in Healthcare Supply Chain","volume":"9","author":"A Musamih","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref011","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A model in agri-food supply chain costing using ABC costing: an empirical research for Peruvian coffee supply chain","author":"A Villalva-Cata\u00f1o","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352021.ref012","first-page":"207","article-title":"Agricultural Crisis, Farms Laws, and Farmers\u2019 Protest: Reflection on its Rollback and Implication","volume":"72","author":"M Behera","year":"2024","journal-title":"SAGE Economic Journal"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47322","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2978815","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing Cyber-Physical System: Supply Chain Cybersecurity and Risks","volume":"8","author":"N Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154833","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3019000","article-title":"A Permissioned Distributed Ledger for the US Beef Cattle Supply Chain","volume":"8","author":"T Ferdousi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref015","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"S Nakamoto","year":"2008"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0352021.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2887101","article-title":"Blockchain-Based Distributed Framework for Automotive Industry in a Smart City","volume":"15","author":"PK Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inf"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref017","volume-title":"The effects of sugar imports from Ukraine on markets and stakeholders in the EU: Study prepared for the InfoZentrum Zuckerverwender (IZZ)","author":"S von Cramon-Taubadel","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352021.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/03057070.2016.1197694","article-title":"Crisis and Differentiation among Small-Scale Sugar Cane Growers in Nkomazi, South Africa","volume":"43","author":"P James","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Southern African Studies"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129000","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2940227","article-title":"Blockchain-driven IoT for food traceability with an integrated consensus mechanism","volume":"7","author":"YP Tsang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang S, Yuan Y, Wang X, Li J, Qin R, Wang F-Y. An overview of smart contract: architecture, applications, and future trends. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. 2018:108\u201313.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2018.8500488"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sankar LS, Sindhu M, Sethumadhavan M. Survey of consensus protocols on blockchain applications. IEEE international conference on advanced computing and communication systems. 2017. 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCS.2017.8014672"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref022","unstructured":"Wood G. Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. 2014. 1\u201332."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352021.ref023","first-page":"137","article-title":"Immutability of distributed hash model on blockchain node storage","volume":"8","author":"U Rahardja","year":"2021","journal-title":"MDPI Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352021.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/sea2.12136","article-title":"Crypto-miners: Digital labor and the power of blockchain technology","volume":"6","author":"F Calvao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Economic Anthropology"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref025","first-page":"556","volume-title":"Black bird attack: A vital threat to blockchain technology","author":"Z Xing","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekawati R, Arkeman Y, Suprihatin S, Sunarti TCC. Blockchain-Based Sugar Inbound Logistics Design Based on the User Wallet Platform Application. Atlantis Press Conference on Broad Exposure to Science and Technology. 2022. 255\u201360.","DOI":"10.2991\/aer.k.220131.041"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352021.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2021.0120459","article-title":"Proposed design of white sugar industrial supply chain system based on blockchain technology","volume":"12","author":"R Ekawati","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJACSA"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352021.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2024.3364585","article-title":"A Fuzzy-Probabilistic Representation Learning Method for Time Series Classification","volume":"32","author":"FJ Erazo-Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352021.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics6030043","article-title":"Blockchain for Ecologically Embedded Coffee Supply Chains","volume":"6","author":"H Trollman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Logistics"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.101896","article-title":"System architecture for blockchain based transparency of supply chain social sustainability","volume":"63","author":"VG Venkatesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng T. A supply chain traceability system for food safety based on HACCP, blockchain & Internet of things. In: 2017 International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management, 2017. 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icsssm.2017.7996119","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSSSM.2017.7996119"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352021.ref032","first-page":"1267","article-title":"Exploring the Integration of Blockchain and Distributed DevOps for Secure, Transparent, and Traceable Software Development","volume":"13","author":"JN Qureshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qureshi JN, Farooq MS, Khelifi A, Atal Z. ChainAgilePlus Framework for the Improvement of Distributed Scrum of Scrums Agile Software Development. IEEE, IEEE Access. 2024.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3426597"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352021.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299324","article-title":"ChainAgile: A framework for the improvement of Scrum Agile distributed software development based on blockchain","volume":"19","author":"JN Qureshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0352021.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8582","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218582","article-title":"Consortium framework using blockchain for asthma healthcare in pandemics","volume":"22","author":"MS Farooq","year":"2022","journal-title":"MDPI Sensors"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2022.104632","article-title":"Blockchain applications for the Internet of Things: Systematic review and challenges","volume":"19","author":"JN Qureshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microprocessors and Microsystems"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17977","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3146953","article-title":"A blockchain-based framework for distributed agile software development","volume":"10","author":"MS Farooq","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2972776","article-title":"Data allocation mechanism for Internet-of-Things systems with blockchain","volume":"7","author":"W Y\u00e1nez","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"pone.0352021.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73295","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2918000","article-title":"Blockchain-Based Soybean Traceability in Agricultural Supply Chain","volume":"7","author":"K Salah","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:34:43Z","timestamp":1785864883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352021"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marcello","family":"Stanco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}}}