{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:52:39Z","timestamp":1782496359967,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Maize production in Nigeria has increased in recent years, but fall armyworm infestation remains a major constraint to high productivity, particularly during the minor cropping season. Twenty-six fall armyworm-resistant maize hybrids and six commercial checks were evaluated for grain yield and other traits using an 8\u2009\u00d7\u20094 alpha-lattice design with three replications. Data collected at key growth stages and harvesting were analyzed using R statistical software version 4.4.2. Hybrids exhibited significant (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) differences for grain yield, plant aspect, ear aspect, southern corn leaf blight,\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>curvularia<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaf spot and foliar fall armyworm damage at 8 and 12 weeks after planting. Notably, five experimental hybrids exhibited superior performance, combining high yield with desirable agronomic traits and low foliar fall armyworm damage. FAWSYN-1\/(TZLComp. 1 C6-W-39-1-1)-B-B, followed closely by FAWSYN-1\/IITATZI2305, FAWSYN-2\/(TZLComp. 1 C6-W-39-1-1)-B-B, FAWSYN-1\/TZISTR1121, and FAWSYN-3\/IITATZI2305 exhibited the highest superiority indices across environments. When further tested for performance stability across more diverse agro-ecologies, the selected hybrids may be released as maize cultivars to mitigate fall armyworm attacks among Nigerian farmers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0352140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:26:10Z","timestamp":1782494770000},"page":"e0352140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of agronomic traits in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) resistant maize (Zea mays) hybrids grown in the derived savanna agro-ecology of Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Olufemi Stephen","family":"Akande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9061-3342","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adesike Oladoyin","family":"Olayinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses Adeolu","family":"Adebayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352140.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-022-01288-7","article-title":"Global maize production, consumption and trade: trends and R&D implications","volume":"14","author":"O Erenstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352140.ref002","article-title":"Field performance of extra-early maturing pro-vitamin A maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under optimal rainfed conditions in the derived savanna agroecology zone","volume":"7","author":"AO Olayinka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crop Breed Genet Genomics"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.11.002","article-title":"New genomic approaches for enhancing maize genetic improvement","volume":"60","author":"N Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Plant Biol"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref004","article-title":"The impact of the rise of modern maize production in Brazil and Argentina","author":"HS Klein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hist Agrar Rev Agric E Hist Rural"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64852-1_1","article-title":"Maize in Sub-Saharan Africa: importance and production constraints","volume-title":"Advances in Genetic Enhancement of Early and Extra-Early Maize for Sub-Saharan Africa","author":"B Badu-Apraku","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref006","unstructured":"Sasu. Nigeria: Maize production quantity. 2024. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1300743\/production-volume-of-maize-in-nigeria\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352140.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s42976-023-00395-1","article-title":"Reactions of provitamin-A-enriched maize to foliar diseases under field conditions in Nigeria","volume":"52","author":"I Iseghohi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereal Research Communications"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0352140.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165632","article-title":"First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a new alien invasive pest in West and Central Africa","volume":"11","author":"G Goergen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352140.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.5513\/JCEA01\/26.4.4631","article-title":"Assessment of maize hybrids for agronomic and fall armyworm tolerant traits","volume":"26","author":"I Iseghohi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cent Eur Agric"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352140.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1564\/v28_oct_02","article-title":"Fall Armyworm: Impacts and Implications for Africa","volume":"28","author":"R Day","year":"2017","journal-title":"Outlook Pest Man"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Togola A, Beyene Y, Bocco R, Tepa-Yotto G, Gowda M, Too A, et al. Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Africa: Insights into biology, ecology and impact on staple crops, food systems and management approaches. Frontiers in Agronomy [Internet]. Frontiers Media SA. 2025:1538198. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/agronomy\/articles\/10.3389\/fagro.2025.1538198\/full","DOI":"10.3389\/fagro.2025.1538198"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0352140.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257736","article-title":"Socioeconomic and health impacts of fall armyworm in Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Z Abro","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352140.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2022.2164117","article-title":"Effect of belt expert (Flubendiamide + Thiacloprid), Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam seed treatment and economic impact on fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) infestation on Maize in Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"IM Utono","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogent Food & Agriculture"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352140.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s43170-023-00181-3","article-title":"Economic impacts and management of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in smallholder agriculture: a panel data analysis for Ghana","volume":"4","author":"JA Tambo","year":"2023","journal-title":"CABI Agric Biosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352140.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/1477-9552.12582","article-title":"Are farm input subsidies a disincentive for integrated pest management adoption? Evidence from Zambia","volume":"75","author":"JA Tambo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Agric Econ"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0352140.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14070984","article-title":"Variation in grain yield losses due to fall armyworm infestation among elite open-pollinated maize varieties under different levels of insecticide application","volume":"14","author":"JJ Kenyi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352140.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/pbr.13063","article-title":"New techniques for breeding maize (Zea mays) varieties with fall armyworm resistance and market\u2010preferred traits for sub\u2010Saharan Africa","volume":"142","author":"PM Matova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Breeding"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref018","article-title":"Integrated approaches to maximizing maize resistance to fall armyworm","author":"SW Woolfolk","year":"2025","journal-title":"CABI Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2022.108756","article-title":"Impact of CGIAR maize germplasm in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"290","author":"VV Krishna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Field Crops Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352140.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.5897\/JPBCS2020.0895","article-title":"Impact of climate change on armyworm infestation on maize in Nigeria: A review","volume":"13","author":"MP Adunola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Plant Breed Crop Sci"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stress.2023.100148","article-title":"Screening of maize inbred lines and evaluation of hybrids for their resistance to fall armyworm","volume":"8","author":"S Asare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352140.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s12600-025-01253-y","article-title":"Assessment of fall armyworm tolerant maize hybrids for sustainable maize production in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"53","author":"IK Amegbor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytoparasitica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352140.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15040289","article-title":"Field evaluation of experimental maize hybrids for resistance to the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a warm temperate climate","volume":"15","author":"X Ni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Insects"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352140.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/agri-2022-0001","article-title":"Phenotypic performance of new pro-vitamin A maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids using three selection indices","volume":"68","author":"AO Kolawole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric Pol Nohospod\u00e1rstvo"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref025","unstructured":"Badu-Apraku B, Fakorede MAB, Menkir A, Sanogo D. Conduct and management of maize field trials. 2012. Accessed 2025 July 30. https:\/\/cgspace.cgiar.org\/bitstreams\/81fda619-5d11-4b6f-9885-bf75ba268cc7\/download"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0352140.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1002\/csc2.20317","article-title":"Fall-armyworm invasion, control practices and resistance breeding in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"60","author":"PM Matova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crop Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0352140.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13384","article-title":"metan: An R package for multi\u2010environment trial analysis","volume":"11","author":"T Olivoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0352140.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38097","article-title":"Genotype x environment interaction and yield stability of soybean (Glycine max l.) genotypes in multi-environment trials (METs) in Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"AT Abebe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352140.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2020.03.010","article-title":"META-R: A software to analyze data from multi-environment plant breeding trials","volume":"8","author":"G Alvarado","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Crop Journal"},{"issue":"2065","key":"pone.0352140.ref030","first-page":"20150202","article-title":"Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments","volume":"374","author":"IT Jolliffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352140.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26688-8","article-title":"Genotype by Yield*Trait (GYT) Biplot: a novel approach for genotype selection based on multiple traits","volume":"8","author":"W Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0352140.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5928","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3524","article-title":"Genotype by yield* trait (GYT) biplot analysis: a novel approach for phenotyping sunflower single cross hybrids based on multiple traits","volume":"11","author":"A Gholizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref033","article-title":"Screening for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith) resistance in early\u2010maturing tropical maize adapted to sub\u2010saharan Africa","author":"AM Abubakar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Breed"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086757","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1086757","article-title":"Genetic analyses of tropical maize lines under artificial infestation of fall armyworm and foliar diseases under optimum conditions","volume":"14","author":"I Kamweru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0352140.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12123042","article-title":"Genetic analysis of agronomic and fall armyworm-resistance traits in maize hybrids with varying levels of resistance to stem borers","volume":"12","author":"A Job","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544010","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1544010","article-title":"Use of multi-trait principal component selection index to identify fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) resistant maize genotypes","volume":"16","author":"W Wambi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref037","article-title":"Evaluation of stem borer resistant maize genotypes for resistance to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) infestation","author":"AZM Nesma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Plant Breed Crop Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0352140.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.55905\/revconv.17n.13-228","article-title":"Grain yield and its relationship with yield components in selected maize (Zea mays L.) varieties under natural fall armyworm infestation in Mozambique","volume":"17","author":"GA Mazive","year":"2024","journal-title":"CLCS"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2020.105218","article-title":"Screening of inbred lines of tropical maize for resistance to fall armyworm, and for yield and yield-related traits","volume":"136","author":"C Kasoma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crop Protection"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0352140.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11111522","article-title":"Genetic variation and genotype by environment interaction for agronomic traits in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids","volume":"11","author":"M Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472282","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2025.1472282","article-title":"Multi-environment trials data analysis: linear mixed model-based approaches using spatial and factor analytic models","volume":"10","author":"T Argaw","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Res Metr Anal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352140.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15040289","article-title":"Field evaluation of experimental maize hybrids for resistance to the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a Warm Temperate Climate","volume":"15","author":"X Ni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Insects"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352140.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"059","DOI":"10.17352\/2455-815X.000194","article-title":"Cluster and principal component analysis of maize inbred lines in low moisture stress areas in Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"W Talefe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Agric Sc Food Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352140.ref044","first-page":"357","article-title":"Principal component analysis for selection of superior maize genotypes","volume":"48","author":"ESG Carnimeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref045","article-title":"Multivariate analysis for yield and its component traits in Quality Protein Maize (QPM)","author":"D Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Adv Biochem Res"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref046","article-title":"Evaluation of maize genotypes for resistance to fall armyworm under natural infestation conditions","author":"GS Bhandari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nepal Agric Res J"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref047","article-title":"Quantification of yield losses in maize attributed to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) infestation","author":"M Gadekar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sci Res Rep"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref048","article-title":"Impact of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestation on maize growth characteristics and yield loss","volume":"84","author":"M Bakry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz J Biol"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref049","article-title":"Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestation: maize yield depression and physiological basis of tolerance","author":"F Anjorin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Plant Prot Res"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref050","article-title":"Morphological parameters, heritability, yield component correlation, and multivariate analysis to determine secondary characters in selecting hybrid maize","author":"N Fadhli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biodiversitas J Biol Divers"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref051","article-title":"Study on applicability of genotype \u00d7 yield \u00d7 trait (GYT) biplots over genotype \u00d7 trait (GT) biplots in selection of maize hybrids across soil moisture regimes","author":"A Singamsetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Agric Res"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref052","article-title":"Genetic analysis and association detection of agronomic traits in maize genotypes","volume":"15","author":"SM Hosseini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3290","article-title":"Trait profiling and genotype selection in oilseed rape using genotype by trait and genotype by yield*trait approaches","volume":"11","author":"B Bakhshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0352140.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5340","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1826","article-title":"Assessment of genotype-trait interaction in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids using GGT biplot analysis","volume":"8","author":"SH Shojaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352140.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1002\/csc2.21231","article-title":"Two types of biplots to integrate multi\u2010trial and multi\u2010trait information for genotype selection","volume":"64","author":"W Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crop Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352140.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90126-9","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of sugar beet varieties based on genotype\u2009\u00d7\u2009yield\u2009\u00d7\u2009trait (GYT) in different environments","volume":"15","author":"D Xinwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0352140.ref057","article-title":"Identification of high\u2010yielding and drought\u2010tolerant melon genotypes based on yield\u2013trait combinations: a comparison of Pcor index and GYT biplot approaches","volume":"13","author":"MRN Rad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352140","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:26:22Z","timestamp":1782494782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352140"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tzen-Yuh","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}}}