{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:53:17Z","timestamp":1782496397905,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023674","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP.1\/266\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.1\/266\/46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The increasing demand for sustainable\u00a0bio-resources\u00a0has spurred interest in underutilized species like\n                    <jats:italic>Sonneratia apetala<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a mangrove with traditionally consumed fruits. This study provides a comprehensive biochemical and microbiological profile of\n                    <jats:italic>S. apetala<\/jats:italic>\n                    fruit and its derived products (jam, jelly, and pickle), integrating nutritional valorization with safety assessment. Pectin was extracted via acid hydrolysis and ethanol precipitation, yielding 2% with high purity (99.9%), confirmed by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. Vitamin C was isolated with a 1% yield and 99.9% purity, verified by HPLC and NMR. Amino acid profiling revealed the raw fruit was rich in essential amino acids, notably histidine (26.6\u2009mg\/g). Processing significantly degraded most amino acids, though histidine showed remarkable stability (16.4\u201317.8\u2009mg\/g). Antioxidant analysis demonstrated exceptional activity; the ethyl acetate root extract exhibited a potent DPPH IC\u2085\u2080 of 0.74 \u00b5g\/mL, surpassing many synthetic antioxidants, alongside high Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents (555.8\u2009mg GAE\/100g DW and 240.6\u2009mg QE\/100g DW, respectively). A strong correlation was observed between phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Crucially, fungal screening showed no detectable growth (&lt;10 CFU\/mL) in all samples, indicating product safety and stability. In conclusion,\n                    <jats:italic>S. apetala<\/jats:italic>\n                    fruit is a promising source of high-quality pectin, vitamin C, and potent antioxidants, with processed products being microbiologically stable. This research positions\n                    <jats:italic>S. apetala<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a valuable, multi-purpose species for nutraceutical and food industrial applications, with recommendations for further investigation into specific root antioxidants and scaled-up pectin extraction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0352259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:30:01Z","timestamp":1782495001000},"page":"e0352259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phytochemical characterization and fungal screening of Sonneratia apetala fruit and products: Pectin and vitamin C extraction, amino acids and antioxidant activity"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9200-8039","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Ripaj","family":"Uddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Abdullah","family":"Al Mansur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Hayatullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debabrata","family":"Karmakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisat Taslum","family":"Jhumur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amena","family":"Kibria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyama Prosad","family":"Moulick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abubakr 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