{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:51:48Z","timestamp":1782496308815,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The homeless population in Bogot\u00e1 exhibits complex social and health vulnerabilities, with a high prevalence of chronic and communicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, tuberculosis, HIV\/AIDS, and cancer. These conditions hinder epidemiological surveillance and timely public health decision-making, particularly in contexts of social exclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and evaluate an artificial intelligence-based predictive model aimed at identifying disease occurrence risk profiles among the homeless population in Bogot\u00e1, in order to support public health decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the 2024 Bogot\u00e1 Homeless Census were analyzed, comprising 10 478 records and 46 demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic variables. Data processing and model development followed the CRISP-DM methodology. The extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm was implemented to predict disease occurrence. Model performance was evaluated in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and the F1-score, while interpretability was assessed through SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values. Additionally, metrics related to social trust, system response time, and potential health impacts were examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The model achieved an accuracy of 0.91, a sensitivity of 0.57, and an F1-score of 0.70, striking an adequate balance between identifying high-risk individuals and reducing false positives. SHAP analysis identified hypertension, diabetes, and HIV\/AIDS as the main predictors of classification. However, complementary metrics revealed limitations in social trust (TAS\u2009=\u20090.49), system response time (SRT\u2009=\u200924.86 hours), and potential health impact (PHIS\u2009=\u20090.24).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) models may support public health surveillance and intervention prioritization in homeless populations by identifying epidemiological risk profiles. However, the models\u2019 applicability remains context-specific and requires external validation before implementation across other vulnerable populations or healthcare settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0352268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:23:38Z","timestamp":1782494618000},"page":"e0352268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial intelligence-based prediction of diseases among homeless populations in Bogot\u00e1: Implications for targeted interventions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hugo","family":"Ordo\u00f1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian Camilo","family":"Ordo\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1024-6077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan-Sebastian","family":"Gonzalez-Sanabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0352268.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/13604813.2022.2056349","article-title":"Building a secure city","volume":"26","author":"F Tamayo","year":"2022","journal-title":"City"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref002","author":"OECD","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref003","author":"IDMC","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref004","author":"UNHCR","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352268.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.9781\/ijimai.2024.02.002","article-title":"Trends in Addiction to psychoactive substances among homeless people in colombia using artificial intelligence","volume":"9","author":"H Ordo\u00f1ez","year":"2025","journal-title":"IJIMAI"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0352268.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.180109","article-title":"The unmet health care needs of homeless adults: A national study","volume":"100","author":"TP Baggett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref007","article-title":"Health of the homeless","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352268.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12009","article-title":"Health status and health care experiences among homeless patients in federally supported health centers: findings from the 2009 patient survey","volume":"48","author":"LA Lebrun-Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104851","article-title":"In silico methods and tools for drug discovery","volume":"137","author":"B Shaker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0352268.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1814259","article-title":"Machine learning in medicine","volume":"380","author":"A Rajkomar","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352268.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/phe\/phaa021","article-title":"Against the public goods conception of public health","volume":"13","author":"J Bernstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352268.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0316-z","article-title":"A guide to deep learning in healthcare","volume":"25","author":"A Esteva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352268.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/10530789.2020.1677009","article-title":"A review of estimates of housing insecurity and homelessness among students in U.S. higher education","volume":"29","author":"KM Broton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness"},{"issue":"9953","key":"pone.0352268.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61132-6","article-title":"The health of homeless people in high-income countries: Descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations","volume":"384","author":"S Fazel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref015","author":"C Vajiac","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref016","author":"B Wilder","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref017","author":"KS Rahman","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0352268.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad052","article-title":"Community- and data-driven homelessness prevention and service delivery: optimizing for equity","volume":"30","author":"AR Kube","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352268.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/15228835.2017.1418703","article-title":"Applications of machine learning methods to predict readmission and length-of-stay for homeless families: The case of win shelters in New York City","volume":"36","author":"B Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Technology in Human Services"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref020","author":"AR Kube","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref021","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref022","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref023","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref024","year":"2025"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0352268.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1179\/2047772412Z.00000000086","article-title":"Prevalence of tuberculosis, hepatitis C virus, and HIV in homeless people: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"A Cassone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0352268.ref026","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352268.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s41666-020-00077-1","article-title":"Predicting missing values in medical data via XGBoost regression","volume":"4","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Healthc Inform Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352268","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:23:43Z","timestamp":1782494623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352268"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Oriana","family":"Rivera-Lozada de Bonilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352268","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}}}