{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:58:25Z","timestamp":1792270705813,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection","award":["SKLGP2021K020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGP2021K020"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Engineering Research Center of Underground Mine Construction, Ministry of Education","award":["JYBGCZX2020101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYBGCZX2020101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In this study, biaxial compression cyclic loading and unloading tests are performed on rock-like samples that contain a single group of cross cracks. The effects of angle\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    between the main crack and load direction, the angle between the main and secondary cracks, and the number of cycles of biaxial compression cyclic loading and unloading on the coabsmpressive strength and crack evolution of the samples are investigated. The effects of the number of groups of cross cracks and number of cycles of cyclic loading and unloading on the compressive strength and crack evolution are then examined. When both angle\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    between the primary and secondary prefabricated cracks and the lateral pressure are similar, the compressive strength of the specimen first decreases and then increases with\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    from 0\u00b0 to 90\u00b0. When\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the same, the lateral pressure is the same, and\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    between the primary and secondary prefabricated cracks increases from 0\u00b0 to 90\u00b0, the compressive strength of the sample does not significantly change. When\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the same,\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the same, and the lateral pressure is the same, the compressive strength of the specimen after cyclic loading and unloading gradually decreases with increasing number of cyclic loading and unloading. When both\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the lateral pressure are the same, the compressive strength of the specimen gradually decreases with increasing number of cross cracks in the specimen. Main crack is the main controlling factor of the strength and crack propagation of specimens with a single group of cross cracks. The interaction among multiple groups of intersecting cracks changes the state of the local stress field, and the crack propagation is more complex than that in a single group of cross cracks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0352591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:58:42Z","timestamp":1786730322000},"page":"e0352591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study on the mechanical properties of rock with cross fracture under biaxial compression cyclic loading and unloading"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Liangxiao","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9810-3380","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0352591.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002967","article-title":"Numerical Simulations on Cracking Behavior of Rock-Like Specimens with Single Flaws under Conditions of Uniaxial and Biaxial Compressions","volume":"31","author":"C Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mater Civ Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352591.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3390\/pr6050049","article-title":"The Effect of Joint Dip Angle on the Mechanical Behavior of Infilled Jointed Rock Masses under Uniaxial and Biaxial Compressions","volume":"6","author":"G Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352591.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-015-0867-y","article-title":"The 3D Numerical Simulation for the Propagation Process of Multiple Pre-existing Flaws in Rock-Like Materials Subjected to Biaxial Compressive Loads","volume":"49","author":"J Bi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rock Mech Rock Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0352591.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-020-01759-1","article-title":"Experimental study on crack propagation and the coalescence of rock-like materials with two preexisting fissures under biaxial compression","volume":"79","author":"M Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull Eng Geol Environ"},{"key":"pone.0352591.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-017-0158-3","article-title":"Experimental study of crack growth in rock-like materials containing multiple parallel pre-existing flaws under biaxial compression","volume":"35","author":"M Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geotech Geol Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352591.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-017-3489-6","article-title":"Crack growth analysis for rock-like materials with ordered multiple pre-cracks under biaxial compression","volume":"24","author":"M Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cent South Univ"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0352591.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-020-4523-7","article-title":"Experimental investigations on mechanical performance of rocks under fatigue loads and biaxial confinements","volume":"27","author":"K Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cent South Univ"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0352591.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-020-05682-3","article-title":"The propagation mechanism of an oblique straight crack in a rock sample and the effect of osmotic pressure under in-plane biaxial compression","volume":"13","author":"C Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0352591.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-020-06259-w","article-title":"Crack coalescence patterns and local strain behaviors near flaw tip for rock-like material containing two flaws subjected to biaxial compression","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"key":"pone.0352591.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40948-021-00298-7","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the spallation characteristics of mudstone under biaxial compressive stress","volume":"7","author":"BX Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomech Geophys Geo-energ Geo-resour"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0352591.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-022-5196-1","article-title":"Influence of lateral pressure on mechanical behavior of different rock types under biaxial compression","volume":"29","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cent South Univ"},{"key":"pone.0352591.ref012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fracture Propagation Characteristic and Micromechanism of Rock-Like Specimens under Uniaxial and Biaxial Compression","volume":"2016","author":"X Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock and Vibration"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352591.ref013","article-title":"Failure Behavior for Rocklike Material with Cross Crack under Biaxial Compression","volume":"31","author":"X Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mater Civ Eng"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0352591.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-019-4803-4","article-title":"Uniaxial compressive study on mechanical properties of rock mass considering joint spacing and connectivity rate","volume":"12","author":"LX Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0352591.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-020-05589-z","article-title":"Influence of joint location and connectivity on the shear properties of artificial rock samples with non-persistent planar joints","volume":"13","author":"L Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352591.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-020-01584-z","article-title":"Uniaxial Compression Study on Mechanical Properties of Artificial Rock Specimens with Cross-Flaws","volume":"39","author":"LX Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geotech Geol Eng"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352591","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:58:49Z","timestamp":1786730329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352591"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dajiang","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352591","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}}}