{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T18:00:44Z","timestamp":1785348044358,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a major foodborne pathogen associated with beef contamination and increasing antimicrobial resistance, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and genetic diversity of\n                    <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated from retail beef samples in Peshawar, Pakistan, using combined phenotypic and molecular approaches. A total of 250 beef samples were collected from urban, rural, and peri-urban retail markets.\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    was isolated using standard culture and biochemical methods and confirmed by PCR targeting the\n                    <jats:italic>invA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method, and genetic diversity was assessed using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR (RAPD-PCR). Overall,\n                    <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in 150 samples (60.0%), with higher prevalence in rural markets (77.5%) compared with urban (52.5%) and peri-urban (50.0%) locations. A high percentage of isolates were resistant to azithromycin (94.0%), tetracycline (68.7%), and streptomycin (52.0%), indicating widespread multidrug resistance among isolates. Five isolates (3.3%) were identified as extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) producers and carried\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    TEM-1,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    CTX-M-15, or\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    SHV-12 genes. RAPD-PCR analysis revealed substantial genetic heterogeneity, with isolates distributed across multiple phylogenetic clusters, suggesting diverse contamination sources rather than clonal dissemination. These findings indicate that retail beef in Peshawar represents a significant reservoir of genetically diverse and antimicrobial-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The combined use of phenotypic methods with targeted molecular and low-cost genotyping approaches provides a practical framework for surveillance of foodborne\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in resource-limited settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0352859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:32:31Z","timestamp":1785346351000},"page":"e0352859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica isolated from retail beef in Peshawar, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Jawad","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kafeel","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4333-5850","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fawad","family":"Inayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faryal","family":"Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sawaira","family":"Huriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fai","family":"Sal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0352859.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1086\/650733","article-title":"The 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