{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T18:16:17Z","timestamp":1783361777792,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022653","name":"Mind Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Publication Fund Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Farber\u2019s typological approach expands burnout models by identifying three burnout subtypes: frenetic, underchallenged, and worn-out. Despite its potential, research on this approach is limited, especially in the German working population. This study translated and validated the Burnout Questionnaire for Clinical Subtypes (BCSQ-12) into German and examined these burnout subtypes in the German working population. Using a non-probabilistic online quota sampling method, 616 employees were surveyed. The BCSQ-12 was translated and evaluated for its psychometric properties (EFA, Varimax rotation). Burnout subtypes were identified through hierarchical and K-means cluster analysis and analysed for symptomatologic, work-related and individual differences, particularly structural impairment (ANOVA). Additional questionnaires assessed burnout (MBI-GS-D), depression (PHQ-9), work engagement (UWES-9), job demands (COPSOQ), social support (MSPSS), and structural impairment (OPD-SQ). The BCSQ-12 demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties and confirmed its three-factor structure. The cluster analyses revealed four profiles: non-burned-out, frenetic, underchallenged and worn-out, which differed in terms of the symptomatologic, work-related and individual factors. The pattern of resources and demands between the burnout subtypes indicates a deterioration from the frenetic to the underchallenged to the worn-out employee. The present results emphasize possible advantages of including burnout profiles into the general assessment of burnout and indicate the need for tailored interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0352860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:35:09Z","timestamp":1783359309000},"page":"e0352860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Burnout subtypes in the German working population: Differentiation by symptomatology, work-related factors and structural impairment according to the OPD"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4946-4810","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia","family":"Perlinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes C.","family":"Ehrenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3307-276X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christiane","family":"Montag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kretschmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x","article-title":"Staff burn-out","volume":"30","author":"HJ Freudenberger","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2014.04.003","article-title":"Chronic job burnout and daily functioning: A theoretical analysis","volume":"1","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Burnout Research"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref003","volume-title":"Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual","author":"C Maslach","year":"1996"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352860.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4102\/sajip.v29i4.127","article-title":"Past performance and future perspectives of burnout research","volume":"29","author":"WB Schaufeli","year":"2003","journal-title":"SA j ind psychol"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref006","volume-title":"Burn-out an \u201coccupational phenomenon\u201d","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00284","article-title":"The relationship between burnout, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"P Koutsimani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2015.12.002","article-title":"The person-oriented approach to burnout: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"A M\u00e4kikangas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Burnout Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352860.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/002188638301900408","article-title":"Phases of progressive burnout and their work site covariants: Critical issues in OD research and praxis","volume":"19","author":"RT Golembiewski","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Appl Behav Sci"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref010","volume-title":"Stress in organizations: Toward a phase model of burnout","author":"RT Golembiewski","year":"1986"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352860.ref011","first-page":"390","article-title":"A longitudinal study of progressive phases of psychological burnout","volume":"13","author":"RJ Burke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352860.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030090402","article-title":"The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment","volume":"9","author":"MP Leiter","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Organ Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/13594320042000025","article-title":"Toward a process model of burnout: Results from a secondary analysis","volume":"10","author":"D van Dierendonck","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3507","article-title":"Development of burnout in middle-aged working women: A longitudinal study","volume":"22","author":"A Evolahti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2010.07.012","article-title":"Early-career burnout among new graduate nurses: A prospective observational study of intra-individual change trajectories","volume":"48","author":"A Rudman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1300\/J294v08n01_07","article-title":"Burnout in psychotherapists: Incidence, types, and trends","volume":"8","author":"BA Farber","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychotherapy in Private Practice"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-302","article-title":"A newer and broader definition of burnout: Validation of the \u201cBurnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire (BCSQ-36)\u201d","volume":"10","author":"J Montero-Mar\u00edn","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-49","article-title":"Sociodemographic and occupational risk factors associated with the development of different burnout types: the cross-sectional University of Zaragoza study","volume":"11","author":"J Montero-Mar\u00edn","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-11-103","article-title":"Burnout syndrome among dental students: A short version of the \u201cBurnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire\u201d adapted for students (BCSQ-12-SS)","volume":"11","author":"J Montero-Marin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-4-31","article-title":"A new definition of burnout syndrome based on Farber\u2019s proposal","volume":"4","author":"J Montero-Mar\u00edn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Occup Med Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-9-74","article-title":"Towards a brief definition of burnout syndrome by subtypes: Development of the \u201cBurnout Clinical Subtypes Questionnaire\u201d (BCSQ-12)","volume":"9","author":"J Montero-Mar\u00edn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0352860.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00333-7","article-title":"Examining the psychometric properties of the burnout clinical subtype questionnaire (BCSQ-12) in secondary school teachers","volume":"40","author":"\u00c1 Ab\u00f3s","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0352860.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157499","article-title":"Burnout subtypes and absence of self-compassion in primary healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"J Montero-Marin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17031081","article-title":"Frenetic, under-Challenged, and Worn-out Burnout Subtypes among Brazilian Primary Care Personnel: Validation of the Brazilian \u201cBurnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire\u201d (BCSQ-36\/BCSQ-12)","volume":"17","author":"M Demarzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-922","article-title":"Understanding burnout according to individual differences: ongoing explanatory power evaluation of two models for measuring burnout types","volume":"12","author":"J Montero-Mar\u00edn","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"137","key":"pone.0352860.ref026","article-title":"Frenetic, Underchallenged, and Worn-Out: Validation of the German \u201cBurnout Clinical Subtypes Questionnaire\u201d\u2014Student Survey and Exploration of Three Burnout Risk Groups in University Students","volume":"4","author":"K Bauernhofer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.01.004","article-title":"Burnout-depression overlap: A review","volume":"36","author":"R Bianchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2014.03.003","article-title":"Relationship between burnout and depressive symptoms: A study using the person-centred approach","volume":"1","author":"K Ahola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Burnout Research"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.03.004","article-title":"Job strain, burnout, and depressive symptoms: A prospective study among dentists","volume":"104","author":"K Ahola","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref030","volume-title":"The burnout companion to study and practice: A critical analysis","author":"WB Schaufeli","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800008549265","article-title":"Using equity theory to examine the difference between burnout and depression","volume":"13","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress & Coping"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015630930326","article-title":"The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach","volume":"3","author":"WB Schaufeli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026914","article-title":"Job burnout and depression: unraveling their temporal relationship and considering the role of physical activity","volume":"97","author":"S Toker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352860.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22927","article-title":"A five-sample confirmatory factor analytic study of burnout-depression overlap","volume":"76","author":"R Bianchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0352860.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191120911095","article-title":"Burnout-depression overlap: exploratory structural equation modeling bifactor analysis and network analysis","volume":"28","author":"J Verkuilen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.11.005","article-title":"Stress, burnout and depression: A systematic review on DNA methylation mechanisms","volume":"92","author":"J Bakusic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22229","article-title":"Burnout and depression: two entities or one?: Burnout and depression","volume":"72","author":"IS Schonfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000273","article-title":"Meta-regression analyses of relationships between burnout and depression with sampling and measurement methodological moderators","volume":"27","author":"ST Meier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref039","first-page":"192","article-title":"Burnout over time","volume":"13","author":"ER Greenglass","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1920.2013.00031.x","article-title":"A longitudinal examination of the relationship between teacher burnout and depression","volume":"50","author":"H Shin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Employment Couns"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370802379432","article-title":"The Job Demands-Resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement","volume":"22","author":"JJ Hakanen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0352860.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181f0c4e7","article-title":"Predictors of persistent burnout in internal medicine residents: A prospective cohort study","volume":"85","author":"J Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.02.043","article-title":"Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study","volume":"141","author":"JJ Hakanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0352860.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1111\/apps.12295","article-title":"Reciprocal Associations between Burnout and Depression: An 8\u2010year longitudinal study","volume":"70","author":"I T\u00f3th\u2010Kir\u00e1ly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0352860.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0996-8","article-title":"Is burnout separable from depression in cluster analysis? A longitudinal study","volume":"50","author":"R Bianchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.3.490","article-title":"Perceptions of control, burnout, and depressive symptomatology: A replication and extension","volume":"63","author":"JD McKnight","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370903265860","article-title":"Stability and change in burnout profiles over time: A prospective study in the working population","volume":"23","author":"K Boersma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"issue":"90","key":"pone.0352860.ref048","article-title":"Subgroup analysis in burnout: Relations between fatigue, anxiety, and depression","volume":"7","author":"A van Dam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1589-y","article-title":"Subtypes in clinical burnout patients enrolled in an employee rehabilitation program: Differences in burnout profiles, depression, and recovery\/resources-stress balance","volume":"18","author":"K Bauernhofer","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref050","volume-title":"The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it","author":"C Maslach","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499","article-title":"The job demands-resources model of burnout","volume":"86","author":"E Demerouti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2015.06.002","article-title":"A dialectical perspective on burnout and engagement","volume":"2","author":"MR Leon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Burnout Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2014.04.001","article-title":"Burnout, work engagement and workaholism among highly educated employees: Profiles, antecedents and outcomes","volume":"1","author":"H Innanen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Burnout Research"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02254","article-title":"Work burnout and engagement profiles among teachers","volume":"10","author":"K Salmela-Aro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513","article-title":"Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress","volume":"44","author":"SE Hobfoll","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940710733115","article-title":"The job demands\u2010resources model: State of the art","volume":"22","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.03.007","article-title":"A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes","volume":"79","author":"GM Alarcon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1348\/000709905X90344","article-title":"Job stressors, personality and burnout in primary school teachers","volume":"77","author":"CM Kokkinos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/ocp0000056","article-title":"Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward","volume":"22","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2771","article-title":"Relationships between social support and student burnout: A meta-analytic approach","volume":"34","author":"B Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0352860.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22581","article-title":"Applying the demand-control-support model on burnout in students: A meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"S Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352860.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.5.1134","article-title":"Sources of social support and burnout: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model","volume":"91","author":"JRB Halbesleben","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089090","article-title":"Coping with stress and types of burnout: Explanatory power of different coping strategies","volume":"9","author":"J Montero-Marin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.14.2.121","article-title":"The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model","volume":"14","author":"D Xanthopoulou","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Stress Management"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118993811.ch3","article-title":"Understanding burnout: New models","volume-title":"The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice","author":"C Maslach","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.397","article-title":"Job burnout","volume":"52","author":"C Maslach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2010.01.003","article-title":"Born to burnout: A meta-analytic path model of personality, job burnout, and work outcomes","volume":"76","author":"BW Swider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370903282600","article-title":"Relationships between personality variables and burnout: A meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"G Alarcon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref069","article-title":"The interrelationship between emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, and burnout among foreign language teachers: A meta-analytic review","volume":"13","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352860.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2012.700664","article-title":"Assessing the level of structural integration using operationalized psychodynamic diagnosis (OPD): Implications for DSM-5","volume":"94","author":"J Zimmermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref071","volume-title":"OPD Task Force. Operationalisierte psychodynamische Diagnostik OPD 2: das Manual f\u00fcr Diagnostik und Therapieplanung","year":"2011","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref072","volume-title":"OPD Task Force. Operationalisierte Psychodynamische Diagnostik OPD-3: das Manual f\u00fcr Diagnostik und Therapieplanung","year":"2024","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref073","first-page":"343","author":"H Schauenburg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Interview Measures of Interpersonal Functioning and Quality of Object Relations. Handbook of Interpersonal Psychology. Wiley"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1569285","article-title":"Stresserleben bei Medizinstudierenden: Welche Rolle Spielen Bindungserleben und Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsaspekte? Eine Querschnittsanalyse","volume":"66","author":"TJ Bugaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref075","first-page":"299","article-title":"Zur Konstruktvalidit\u00e4t der Strukturachse der operationalisierten psychodynamischen Diagnostik (OPD)","author":"C Spitzer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref076","first-page":"121","article-title":"Einige empirische Zusammenh\u00e4nge zwischen den Achsen \u201cBeziehung\u201d, \u201cKonflikt\u201d und \u201cStruktur\u201d","volume-title":"OPD in der Praxis: Konzepte, Anwendungen, Ergebnisse der operationalisierten psychodynamischen Diagnostik","author":"T Grande","year":"1998"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref077","first-page":"5","article-title":"Steht das strukturelle Integrationsniveau nach OPD-2 in Zusammenhang mit der Symptomschwere einer Posttraumatischen Belastungsst\u00f6rung (PTBS)? \u2013 Eine Kohortenstudie bei Patienten einer Trauma-Ambulanz","volume":"66","author":"L Baie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00269","article-title":"Levels of structural integration mediate the impact of metacognition on functioning in non-affective psychosis: Adding a psychodynamic perspective to the metacognitive approach","volume":"11","author":"A-L Br\u00f6cker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02326","article-title":"Measurement of personality structure by the OPD structure questionnaire can help to discriminate between subtypes of eating-disorders","volume":"10","author":"J Rohde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000355062","article-title":"Assessment of personality functioning: Validity of the operationalized psychodynamic diagnosis axis IV (structure)","volume":"47","author":"S Doering","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00410","article-title":"Personality structure and attachment in bipolar disorder","volume":"11","author":"J Wagner-Skacel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref082","first-page":"229","article-title":"Validit\u00e4t der OPD-Achsen Konflikt und Struktur in der station\u00e4ren psychosomatischen Rehabilitation","volume-title":"Lernen an der Praxis OPD und Qualit\u00e4tssicherung in der Psychodynamischen Psychotherapie","author":"R Mestel","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.13109\/zptm.2009.55.1.84","article-title":"Erste Ergebnisse zu Reliabilit\u00e4t und Validit\u00e4t der OPD-2 Strukturachse","volume":"55","author":"C Benecke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000572","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1000572","article-title":"Structural impairment and conflict load as vulnerability factors for burnout - A cross-sectional study from the German working population","volume":"13","author":"J Perlinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref085","article-title":"Der Zusammenhang von Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsstruktur, Burnout und Prokrastination bei Psychologie- und Medizinstudierenden unter Einbeziehung von sozialer Unterst\u00fctzung und Entscheidungsspielraum im Studium","author":"L Derwahl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00591","article-title":"Profiles of burnout, coping strategies and depressive symptomatology","volume":"11","author":"JP Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0352860.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6760","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186760","article-title":"Latent profiles of burnout, self-esteem and depressive symptomatology among teachers","volume":"17","author":"I M\u00e9ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02105","article-title":"Measuring burnout among university students: Factorial validity, invariance, and latent profiles of the Italian version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS)","volume":"9","author":"I Portoghese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref089"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref090","author":"DJ Leiner","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1026\/0033-3042\/a000341","article-title":"Der umgang mit forschungsdaten im fach psychologie: Konkretisierung der DFG-Leitlinien","volume":"68","author":"F Sch\u00f6nbrodt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychologische Rundschau"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref092"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref093","volume-title":"Gesundheitsfragebogen f\u00fcr Patienten (PHQ-D). Komplettversion und Kurzform. Testmappe mit Manual, Frageb\u00f6gen, Schablonen","author":"B L\u00f6we","year":"2002"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0352860.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.003","article-title":"Validity of the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire Mood Scale (PHQ-9) in the general population","volume":"28","author":"A Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352860.ref096","first-page":"297","article-title":"Erfassung von Arbeitsengagement bei Patienten mit h\u00e4matologischen Malignomen: Die psychometrischen Eigenschaften der deutschen Version der Utrecht Work Engagement Scale 9 (UWES-9)","volume":"54","author":"LP Sautier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref097","article-title":"Measuring psychological stress and strain at work - Evaluation of the COPSOQ Questionnaire in Germany","volume":"3","author":"M N\u00fcbling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosoc Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352860.ref098","first-page":"5","article-title":"Copenhagen psychosocial questionnaire (COPSOQ)","volume":"5","author":"TS Kristensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","article-title":"The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support","volume":"52","author":"GD Zimet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6629(199104)19:2<150::AID-JCOP2290190206>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Dimensions of social support in the MSPSS: Factorial structure, reliability, and theoretical implications","volume":"19","author":"SS Kazarian","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"01","key":"pone.0352860.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1295481","article-title":"Der OPD-Strukturfragebogen (OPD-SF): Erste Ergebnisse zu Reliabilit\u00e4t und Validit\u00e4t","volume":"62","author":"J Ehrenthal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychother Psych Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2013.828065","article-title":"Self-report and observer ratings of personality functioning: A study of the OPD system","volume":"96","author":"U Dinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref103","first-page":"177","article-title":"Cross-validation of three questionnaires for structural diagnosis: BPI, IPO, and OPD-SQ","volume":"62","author":"K K\u00f6nig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Z Psychosom Med Psychother"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref104","volume-title":"Test theory: A unified treatment","author":"RP McDonald","year":"1999"},{"issue":"7080","key":"pone.0352860.ref105","first-page":"572","article-title":"Cronbach\u2019s alpha","volume":"314","author":"JM Bland","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000116","article-title":"The Application of electronic computers to factor analysis","volume":"20","author":"HF Kaiser","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr0102_10","article-title":"The scree test for the number of factors","volume":"1","author":"RB Cattell","year":"1966","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref108","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref109","first-page":"323","article-title":"Stability and change in patterns of extrinsic adjustment problems","author":"LR Bergman","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref110","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","author":"JF Hair","year":"1998"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46087-0","volume-title":"Fortgeschrittene Abalysemethoden: Eine anwendungsorientierte Einf\u00fchrung","author":"K Backhaus","year":"2015","edition":"15"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352860.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1312","article-title":"Academic burnout profiles in Korean adolescents","volume":"26","author":"J Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stress and Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00001.x","article-title":"A typology of burnout in professional counselors","volume":"88","author":"SM Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling and Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1108\/13639510410536797","article-title":"A typology of burnout types among police managers","volume":"27","author":"R Loo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.7763\/IJSSH.2013.V3.212","article-title":"Academic burnout and motivation of chinese secondary students","author":"X Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Science and Humanity"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206304271602","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between a multidimensional and multifaceted burnout concept and self-rated performance","volume":"31","author":"E Demerouti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2021.100091","article-title":"Who are and are not the burnout moms? A cluster analysis study of French-speaking mothers","volume":"4","author":"A Lebert-Charron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2017.11.001","article-title":"Study engagement and burnout profiles among Finnish higher education students","volume":"7","author":"K Salmela-Aro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Burnout Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033898","article-title":"Schoolwork engagement and burnout among Finnish high school students and young adults: profiles, progressions, and educational outcomes","volume":"50","author":"H Tuominen-Soini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-015-0931-8","article-title":"The role of co-worker and supervisor support in the relationship between job autonomy and work engagement among Portuguese nurses: A multilevel study","volume":"126","author":"M Vera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2015.09.003","article-title":"Work engagement in cancer care: The power of co-worker and supervisor support","volume":"21","author":"MG Poulsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Oncol Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17031081","article-title":"Frenetic, under-Challenged, and Worn-out Burnout Subtypes among Brazilian Primary Care Personnel: Validation of the Brazilian \u201cBurnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire\u201d (BCSQ-36\/BCSQ-12)","volume":"17","author":"M Demarzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2022.103807","article-title":"Bored or burning out? Reciprocal effects between job stressors, boredom and burnout","volume":"139","author":"LK Harju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1111\/apps.12257","article-title":"Two tales of rumination and burnout: Examining the effects of boredom and overload","volume":"70","author":"T Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352860.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2008.04818.x","article-title":"Examination of developmental models of occupational burnout using burnout profiles of nurses","volume":"64","author":"C Onder","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0352860.ref126","first-page":"77","article-title":"Faktorstruktur und G\u00fctekriterien der deutschen \u00dcbersetzung des Maslach-Burnout-Inventars f\u00fcr Studierende von Schaufeli et al. (MBI-SS)","volume":"63","author":"A Gumz","year":"2013","journal-title":"PPmP: Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352860.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(200005)56:5<675::AID-JCLP8>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Treatment strategies for different types of teacher burnout","volume":"56","author":"BA Farber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01895","article-title":"Mindfulness, resilience, and burnout subtypes in primary care physicians: The possible mediating role of positive and negative affect","volume":"6","author":"J Montero-Marin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0932-y","article-title":"The multilevel determinants of workers\u2019 mental health: results from the SALVEO study","volume":"50","author":"A Marchand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1108\/S0749-742320160000019012","article-title":"Too much of a good thing: A neuro-dynamic personality model explaining engagement and its protective inhibition","author":"M Tops","year":"2016","journal-title":"Advances in Motivation and Achievement. Emerald Group Publishing Limited"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0352860.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.1753","article-title":"Data collection in a flat world: The strengths and weaknesses of mechanical turk samples","volume":"26","author":"JK Goodman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavioral Decision Making"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0352860.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4153-7","article-title":"A systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and burnout symptoms","volume":"17","author":"G Aronsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00179","article-title":"Cultural diversity and mental health: Considerations for policy and practice","volume":"6","author":"N Gopalkrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fronties in Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0352860.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12386","article-title":"Cultural differences in survey responding: Issues and insights in the study of response biases","volume":"51","author":"M Kemmelmeier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0352860.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0352860.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2021.104330","article-title":"Understanding and managing the threat of common method bias: Detection, prevention and control","volume":"86","author":"F Kock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tourism Management"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352860","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:35:28Z","timestamp":1783359328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352860"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stephan","family":"Doering","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0352860","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]}}}