{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:58:35Z","timestamp":1791568715871,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial College Students\u2019 Innovation Training Program","award":["2025-DC42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-DC42"]}]},{"name":"Qinghai University Scientific Research Training Program","award":["SRT2026112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRT2026112"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05h33bt13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Qinghai University Experimental Course Construction Project","award":["SYSJ2026-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYSJ2026-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05h33bt13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Historical renewable-load variability, voltage-security risk, and investment-operation coupling can materially change the assessed value of distribution-level energy storage. This study develops an uncertainty-aware bilevel energy storage system (ESS) planning framework in which the upper level selects a discrete siting-sizing-duration plan and the lower level solves a fixed-topology, multi-scenario mixed-integer second-order cone program (MISOCP) in which the network physics are represented by a DistFlow-SOCP formulation. An ESS-aware topology robustness check is further introduced to examine whether ESS-induced topology changes affect the planning conclusions obtained under the common-topology comparison. Complete daily load, photovoltaic, and wind observations from Denmark in 2016 and 2017 are represented as joint 72-dimensional trajectories. Input-risk-stratified historical-day reduction is examined for K\u2009=\u20093, 5, 10, and 20, with K\u2009=\u200910 used for the principal 33-bus study and K\u2009=\u200920 used as a higher-fidelity scenario-set check. Exhaustive evaluation of 211 alternatives identifies a 1.00 MW\/ 2.00 MWh ESS at bus 24. Under K10 and the baseline fixed topology, the proposed design reduces daily TOTEX from 73,151.02 to 51,826.24 CNY\/day (29.2%) relative to No ESS, raises the minimum voltage from 0.94138 to 0.95405 p.u., and reduces cumulative undervoltage exposure from 0.013528 to 0.001740 p.u.\u00b7h. Cross-year and seven-day chronological tests retain the economic and security pattern. On the released 240-bus feeder, the reference design improves voltage exposure, loading, and losses at a small incremental economic cost. These results show that historical tail conditions, common-topology attribution, and physical security metrics are important for auditable ESS planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0353192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:36:48Z","timestamp":1791567408000},"page":"e0353192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Uncertainty-aware bilevel energy storage planning for active distribution networks: A fixed-topology DistFlow-based MISOCP framework with voltage-security assessment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai University","place":["Xining, Qinghai, China"],"department":["School of Energy and Electrical 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