{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:30:37Z","timestamp":1786113037980,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper examines how endorsements of white replacement conspiracies by political leaders might redirect public attention and energize white supremacist activity in the United States. We trace the historical evolution of replacement narratives and examine their appeal to political actors, then discuss theoretical frameworks linking reports of hostile political speech, public attention, and extremist mobilization. We construct a novel dataset combining federal and state legislators\u2019 endorsements of replacement narratives that received media attention with Google search trends and indicators of white supremacist mobilization and propaganda. Using ARMAX time-series models, we identify a robust positive relationship between the cumulation of political endorsements and subsequent increases in white supremacist activity\u2014a pattern that is replicated in state-level analyses employing state fixed-effects models. While cumulative endorsements are associated with public attention on immigration at the state level, this relationship is less pronounced at the national level, suggesting that legislators\u2019 rhetorical influence may be spatially concentrated within their own constituencies. These findings reveal how political elites might simultaneously shift public attention and foster climates of outgroup hostility that increase extremist mobilization, offering broader insight into the interplay between public discourse about demographic change and socio-political behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0353353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T17:21:35Z","timestamp":1785950495000},"page":"e0353353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endorsing narratives of white replacement: Elite discourse, public attention, and extremist mobilization"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8818-7436","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jack Gabriel Risien","family":"Wippell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Dugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0353353.ref001","volume-title":"Field Guide to White Supremacy","author":"K Belew","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804786188","volume-title":"The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the Nation, Second Edition","author":"L Chavez","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref003","author":"T Bj\u00f8rgo","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007655818083","article-title":"Power Devaluation, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Democratic National Convention of 1924","volume":"16","author":"R McVeigh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sociological Forum"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-031021-112151","article-title":"How Threat Mobilizes the Resurgence and Persistence of US White Supremacist Activism: The 1980s to the Present. Annual Review of","volume":"50","author":"P Simi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2006.0001","article-title":"White Supremacists, Oppositional Culture and the World Wide Web","volume":"84","author":"J Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref007","volume-title":"How the \u201creplacement\u201d theory went mainstream on the political right","author":"D Montanaro","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353353.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/13540688221077071","article-title":"Populists in power and conspiracy theories","volume":"29","author":"AL Pirro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Party Politics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353353.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1177\/13691481211048499","article-title":"\u2018Enemies of the people\u2019: Donald Trump and the security imaginary of America First","volume":"24","author":"G L\u00f6fflmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"The British Journal of Politics and International Relations"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref010","first-page":"241","article-title":"Political Elites in the Attention Economy: Visibility Over Civility and Credibility? Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","volume":"19","author":"A Biswas","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1177\/10659129211034558","article-title":"Dilemmas of Distrust: Conspiracy Beliefs, Elite Rhetoric, and Motivated Reasoning","volume":"75","author":"S Radnitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Political Research Quarterly"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref012","volume-title":"Poll: 61% of Trump voters agree with idea behind \u201cgreat replacement\u201d conspiracy theory","author":"A Romano"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref013","first-page":"44","article-title":"Trump, the KKK, and the Versatility of White Supremacy Rhetoric","volume":"8","author":"JC Sanchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/07352751231153664","article-title":"Mating Call, Dog Whistle, Trigger: Asymmetric Alignments, Race, and the Use of Reactionary Religious Rhetoric in American Politics","volume":"41","author":"SL Perry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sociological Theory"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003289746-3","article-title":"Nostalgia as False Commemoration: How US Conservatives and White Supremacists Mind Engineer through Dog Whistle Politics","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Language and Mind Engineering","author":"LS Dahan","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12259","article-title":"Threat, emboldenment, or both? The effects of political power on violent hate crimes*","volume":"58","author":"L Dugan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353353.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.17813\/maiq.4.2.d7593370607l6756","article-title":"Political Claims Analysis: Integrating Protest Event and Political Discourse Approaches","volume":"4","author":"R Koopmans","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mobilization: An International Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353353.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-070308-120029","article-title":"The Political Consequences of Social Movements","volume":"36","author":"E Amenta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226673776.001.0001","volume-title":"It Was Like a Fever: Storytelling in Protest and Politics","author":"F Polletta","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.30.012703.110545","article-title":"Protest and Political Opportunities. Annual Review of","volume":"30","author":"DS Meyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226555553.001.0001","volume-title":"Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. edition 2d","author":"D McAdam","year":"1999"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref022","first-page":"270","article-title":"From Hashtag to Hate Crime: Twitter and Antiminority Sentiment. American Economic Journal:","volume":"15","author":"K M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353353.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spaf042","article-title":"The hate industry: mass media, moral panic, and the mobilization of anti transgender prejudice","volume":"73","author":"JGR Wippell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref024","volume-title":"Dismantling the Big Lie: The Protocols of the Elders of","author":"SL Jacobs","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref025","first-page":"464","article-title":"The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic.","author":"Z. Sternhell","year":"2011","journal-title":"1 Germany - Great Britain - France. De Gruyter"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref026","volume-title":"A Rumor about the Jews: Antisemitism, Conspiracy, and the Protocols of Zion","author":"SE Bronner","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565221091983","article-title":"The great replacement: Strategic mainstreaming of far-right conspiracy claims","volume":"28","author":"M Ekman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Convergence"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353353.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/14690760903067986","article-title":"David Lane and the Fourteen Words","volume":"10","author":"G Michael","year":"2009","journal-title":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref029","article-title":"To understand the far right, look to their bookshelves","author":"E Shafak","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref030","volume-title":"Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Cambridge, MA, US","author":"E Goffman","year":"1974"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353353.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/21565503.2024.2342834","article-title":"Belief in White Replacement","volume":"13","author":"C Klofstad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Politics, Groups, and Identities"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550618759326","article-title":"The Racial and Economic Context of Trump Support: Evidence for Threat, Identity, and Contact Effects in the 2016 Presidential Election","volume":"9","author":"ED Knowles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref033","article-title":"Analysis | What Trump said with his \u2018very fine people\u2019 comments vs. what he meant","author":"P Bump","year":"2024","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref034","article-title":"A deadly ideology: how the \u2018great replacement theory\u2019 went mainstream","author":"S Rose","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.26.1.611","article-title":"Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment","volume":"26","author":"RD Benford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.2307\/2095581","article-title":"Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation","volume":"51","author":"DA Snow","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref037","article-title":"The New Face of the \u2018Great Replacement.\u2019","volume-title":"The Atlantic","author":"A Serwer","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref038","article-title":"A check of Trump\u2019s false claims about white genocide in South Africa","author":"T Cocks","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reuters"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1177\/1354068819881639","article-title":"Party ownership or individual specialization? A comparison of politicians\u2019 individual issue attention across three different agendas","volume":"27","author":"J Peeters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Party Politics"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/2329496519870554","article-title":"Elite Cultural Work and Discursive Obstruction of Human Rights Activism","volume":"7","author":"TE Shriver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Currents"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353353.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.1993.9962973","article-title":"Freezing out the public: Elite and media framing of the U.S. anti-nuclear movement","volume":"10","author":"R Entman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Political Comm"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref042","volume-title":"The Spread of Information via Social Media. Modeling Sociocultural Influences on Decision Making","author":"BM Fairlie","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.18778\/1733-8077.9.3.02","article-title":"Keynote Address: Empirically Exploring Narrative Productions of Meaning in Public Life","volume":"9","author":"DR Loseke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qualitative Sociology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353353.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.2009.01150.x","article-title":"Examining Emotion as Discourse: Emotion Codes and Presidential Speeches Justifying War","volume":"50","author":"DR Loseke","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Sociological Quarterly"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055421000356","article-title":"Playing to the Gallery: Emotive Rhetoric in Parliaments","volume":"115","author":"M Osnabr\u00fcgge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Polit Sci Rev"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.26","article-title":"Quantifying the effect of sentiment on information diffusion in social media","volume":"1","author":"E Ferrara","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ Computer Science"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsugawa S, Ohsaki H. Negative Messages Spread Rapidly and Widely on Social Media. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on Conference on Online Social Networks. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery; 2015:151\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2817946.2817962","DOI":"10.1145\/2817946.2817962"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2022.2128949","article-title":"Cross-Platform Emotions and Audience Engagement in Social Media Political Campaigning: Comparing Candidates\u2019 Facebook and Instagram Images in the 2020 US Election","volume":"40","author":"M Bossetta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Political Communication"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0353353.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024292118","article-title":"Out-group animosity drives engagement on social media","volume":"118","author":"S Rathje","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3134696","article-title":"Conspiracy Talk on Social Media: Collective Sensemaking during a Public Health Crisis","volume":"1","author":"Y Kou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc ACM Hum-Comput Interact"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819893987","article-title":"Trump, Twitter, and news media responsiveness: A media systems approach","volume":"22","author":"C Wells","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.2019.1690664","article-title":"Modeling the Formation of Attentive Publics in Social Media: The Case of Donald Trump","volume":"23","author":"C Wells","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mass Communication and Society"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1515\/for-2020-2003","article-title":"Party Domination and Base Mobilization: Donald Trump and Republican Party Building in a Polarized Era","volume":"18","author":"DJ Galvin","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Forum"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353353.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/07439156221133763","article-title":"Drivers of Political Violence in the United States","volume":"42","author":"JA Piazza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Public Policy & Marketing"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049096521001621","article-title":"The Trump Effect: How 2016 Campaign Rallies Explain Spikes in Hate. PS:","volume":"55","author":"A Feinberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Political Science & Politics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353353.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/19434472.2021.1936121","article-title":"Rhetoric and hate crimes: examining the public response to the Trump narrative","volume":"15","author":"O Hodwitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1080\/09546553.2020.1803288","article-title":"Conspiracy Beliefs and Violent Extremist Intentions: The Contingent Effects of Self-efficacy, Self-control and Law-related Morality","volume":"34","author":"B Rottweiler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353353.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12394","article-title":"Pylons ablaze: Examining the role of 5G COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and support for violence","volume":"59","author":"D Jolley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0353353.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1080\/09546553.2020.1835654","article-title":"The Truth Is Out There: The Prevalence of Conspiracy Theory Use by Radical Violent Extremist Organizations","volume":"34","author":"GJ Rousis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0353353.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/09546553.2013.767245","article-title":"The Collective Nature of Lone Wolf Terrorism: Anders Behring Breivik and the Anti-Islamic Social Movement","volume":"26","author":"LE Berntzen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref061","volume-title":"Toward a Theory of Minority-group. First Edition","author":"HM Blalock","year":"1967"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353353.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2307\/1388607","article-title":"Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position","volume":"1","author":"H Blumer","year":"1958","journal-title":"The Pacific Sociological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353353.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.17813\/maiq.20.1.pj9n771ph6181p06","article-title":"Legitimation, State Repression, and the Sioux Massacre at Wounded Knee","volume":"20","author":"V Roscigno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mobilization: An International Quarterly"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2013.852642","article-title":"Fueling the Fire: Violent Metaphors, Trait Aggression, and Support for Political Violence","volume":"31","author":"NP Kalmoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Political Communication"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref065","first-page":"94","article-title":"Discursive opportunity structure and the contribution of social media to the success of social movements in Indonesia. Information","volume":"18","author":"H Molaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Communication & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353353.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1086\/386271","article-title":"Discursive Opportunities and the Evolution of Right\u2010Wing Violence in Germany","volume":"110","author":"R Koopmans","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400852628","author":"C Bail","year":"2015","journal-title":"Terrified: How Anti-Muslim Fringe Organizations Became Mainstream. Princeton University Press"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1086\/679749","article-title":"As Local News Goes, So Goes Citizen Engagement: Media, Knowledge, and Participation in US House Elections","volume":"77","author":"D Hayes","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Politics"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/105846003901365","article-title":"The Structural Determinants of Local Congressional News Coverage","volume":"20","author":"BF Schaffner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Political Communication"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353353.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1017\/spq.2023.5","article-title":"Local Candidate Roots and Electoral Advantages in US State Legislatures","volume":"23","author":"CR Hunt","year":"2023","journal-title":"State Politics Policy Q"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0353353.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1177\/00223433251353650","article-title":"Why some districts march more: Protest mobilization in the wake of US representatives\u2019 election denial","volume":"62","author":"M-T Meye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Peace Research"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-024-09976-0","article-title":"Making Issues Matter: Local Media and Policy-Based Evaluations of Politicians","volume":"47","author":"E Peterson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polit Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0353353.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1086\/719653","article-title":"The Historical Racial Regime and Racial Inequality in Poverty in the American South","volume":"127","author":"RS Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref074","article-title":"Southern politics in State and Nation","volume-title":"New York: A.A. Knopf","author":"VO Key","year":"1949","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.2307\/1952976","article-title":"Political Attitudes and the Local Community","volume":"60","author":"RD Putnam","year":"1966","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353353.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1086\/694105","article-title":"The Decline of Local News and Its Effects: New Evidence from Longitudinal Data","volume":"80","author":"D Hayes","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Politics"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref077","first-page":"624","article-title":"Location Recommendation with Social Media Data.","author":"C Bothorel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Information Access: Systems and Technologies. Cham: Springer International Publishing"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2021.2023088","article-title":"Is Google Trends a quality data source","volume":"30","author":"E Cebri\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Economics Letters"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52452-8","volume-title":"Time Series Analysis and Its Applications: With R Examples","author":"RH Shumway","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v027.i03","article-title":"Automatic Time Series Forecasting: The forecast Package for R","volume":"27","author":"RJ Hyndman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139013567","author":"AC Cameron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Regression Analysis of Count Data"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref082","first-page":"580","article-title":"Rank-based inverse normal transformations are increasingly used, but are they merited? Behav Genet","volume":"39","author":"TM Beasley","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353353.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.09.006","article-title":"Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects","volume":"225","author":"L Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.2307\/2579890","article-title":"Frame Disputes within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement","volume":"71","author":"RD Benford","year":"1993","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353353.ref085","first-page":"45","article-title":"The Political Economy of Hatred*","volume":"120","author":"EL Glaeser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13572334.2025.2554373","article-title":"From the fringe to the floor: radical right networks and legislative collaboration in U.S. state legislatures","author":"JGR Wippell","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journal of Legislative Studies"},{"key":"pone.0353353.ref087","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cTo protect and serve\u201d \u2026 and rule: constitutional sheriffs and the emergence of far-right extremism within local politics","volume":"0","author":"JGR Wippell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Politics, Groups, and Identities"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0353353.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2022.2077654","article-title":"Weaponizing reproductive rights: a mixed-method analysis of White nationalists\u2019 discussion of abortions online","volume":"26","author":"Y Ophir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0353353","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T17:21:50Z","timestamp":1785950510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0353353"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rafael Galv\u00e3o","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0353353","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]}}}