{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:10:47Z","timestamp":1784139047085,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye","award":["221K040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221K040"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye","award":["1119B362000368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1119B362000368"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Analytic and holistic thinking represent distinct cognitive styles. The existing Analysis-Holism Scale (AHS) is the most widely used measure of holistic thinking but has faced psychometric challenges and its validation has been largely restricted to a limited cultural context. The purpose of this study was to develop a refined measurement instrument, the AHS-R (Analysis-Holism Revised Scale), that expands the theoretical representation of the holistic cognition domains by differentiating between the Midway (preference for compromise) and Contradiction (tolerance for contradiction) dimensions and offers improved psychometric properties for use in broader populations. Using Turkish samples, Study 1 (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009346) confirmed the feasibility of new items developed to more precisely and reliably represent Midway and Contradiction. Study 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009631) applied item response theory (IRT) and hierarchical factor analytic models on the finalized scale with four dimensions (Causality, Midway, Contradiction, and Attention). The original Perception of Change subscale was removed due to its negative factor loading on the higher-order holistic thinking factor. IRT analysis showed that measurement properties were optimized by collapsing the original 7-point rating scale to a 4-point scale. A structural equation model confirmed the presence of a dominant general holistic thinking factor and provided preliminary evidence of construct validity, showing that the unique variance of all four dimensions was significantly and positively related to increased adherence to preventive health behaviors during COVID-19. The newly developed AHS-R is a robust instrument for measuring holistic thinking that addresses key limitations of the original AHS by expanding its theoretical domains, notably through the clear distinction between the Midway and Contradiction subscales, and enhancing reliability. These improvements allow for more precise measurement, facilitating interpretation of scores across different levels of analysis. Ultimately, AHS-R supports further cross-cultural research into the relationship between cognitive style and behavior, such as health engagement.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0353378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:35:22Z","timestamp":1784136922000},"page":"e0353378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The AHS-R: A holistic thinking measure with expanded theoretical domains and improved score reliability"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6509-4288","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ezgi","family":"Ayt\u00fcrk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3702-5370","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nil\u00fcfer","family":"G\u00f6kta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagihan","family":"\u00d6zman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Kayatepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcya Su","family":"\u015eencan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7070-7106","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S. Adil","family":"Sar\u0131bay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0353378.ref001","first-page":"11","article-title":"People are culturally shaped shapers: The psychological science of culture and culture change","volume-title":"Handbook of cultural psychology","author":"HR Markus","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353378.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.98.2.224","article-title":"Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation","volume":"98","author":"HR Markus","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref003","first-page":"222","article-title":"Cognition and perception","volume-title":"Handbook of cultural psychology","author":"T Masuda","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119170174.epcn314","article-title":"Culture and Cognition","volume-title":"Stevens\u2019 Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience","author":"S Yap","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353378.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.2.291","article-title":"Culture and systems of thought: holistic versus analytic cognition","volume":"108","author":"RE Nisbett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0353378.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167206298568","article-title":"Individual differences in analytic versus","volume":"33","author":"I Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0353378.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.5.922","article-title":"Attending holistically versus analytically: comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans","volume":"81","author":"T Masuda","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0353378.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.9.741","article-title":"Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction","volume":"54","author":"K Peng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0353378.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00384","article-title":"Culture, change, and prediction","volume":"12","author":"LJ Ji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110713","article-title":"Every penny counts: The effect of holistic-analytic thinking style on donation decisions in the times of Covid-19","volume":"175","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.05.055","article-title":"Holism and pro-environmental commitment: An examination on the mediating roles of affective and cognitive determinants","volume":"149","author":"K Ito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353378.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672231192827","article-title":"Holism and causal responsibility: The role of number and valence of event consequences","volume":"51","author":"D Santos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"I Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353378.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/00207594.2012.656130","article-title":"Dialectical thinking and health behaviors: the effects of theory of planned behavior","volume":"48","author":"F Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353378.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s13520-022-00152-3","article-title":"Holistic thinking and risk-taking perceptions reduce risk-taking intentions: ethical, financial, and health\/safety risks across genders and cultures","volume":"11","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353378.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023881","article-title":"Holistic reasoning on the other side of the world: validation of the analysis-holism scale in Mexicans","volume":"17","author":"J Lechuga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111322","article-title":"Refinement of the analysis-holism scale: A cross-cultural adaptation and validation","volume":"186","author":"M Mart\u00edn-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0353378.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287057","article-title":"Analytic and holistic cognitive style as a set of independent manifests","volume":"18","author":"D Lacko","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0353378.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2010.496477","article-title":"Bifactor models and rotations: exploring the extent to which multidimensional data yield univocal scale scores","volume":"92","author":"SP Reise","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353378.ref020","first-page":"76","article-title":"The impact of incorrect responses to reverse-coded survey items","volume":"16","author":"GD Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Sch"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353378.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.45.1.116","article-title":"Assessing three sources of misresponse to reversed Likert items","volume":"45","author":"SD Swain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0353378.ref022","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of reverse wording of questionnaire items: let\u2019s learn from cows in the rain","volume":"8","author":"E van Sonderen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0353378.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1509\/jmr.11.0368","article-title":"Misresponse to reversed and negated items in surveys: A review","volume":"49","author":"B Weijters","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref024","first-page":"105","article-title":"Analytic versus holistic cognition: Constructs and measurement","volume-title":"The psychological and cultural foundations of East Asian cognition","author":"M Koo","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353378.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.3.339","article-title":"Political conservatism as motivated social cognition","volume":"129","author":"JT Jost","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref026","article-title":"The relationship between cultural thought styles and political ideology viewed through multiple aspects of holism","author":"RS \u015eencan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Istanbul: Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353378.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2020.1803073","article-title":"Collapsing categories is often more advantageous than modeling sparse data: investigations in the CFA framework","volume":"28","author":"C DiStefano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0999152X","article-title":"The weirdest people in the world?","volume":"33","author":"J Henrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397115598139","article-title":"Value of children, family change, and implications for the care of the elderly","volume":"49","author":"C Kagitcibasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cross-Cultural Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353378.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/10463283.2018.1542903","article-title":"The social and cultural psychology of honour: What have we learned from researching honour in Turkey?","volume":"30","author":"AK Uskul","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Review of Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022103262243","article-title":"Interdependence as a mediator between culture and interpersonal closeness for Euro-Canadians and Turks","volume":"35","author":"AK Uskul","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-023-01373-x","article-title":"The role of honor concerns in disclosing (vs. hiding) COVID-19 diagnosis: insights from T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"89","author":"S Ceylan-Batur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353378.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02288974","article-title":"Error of Measurement and the Sensitivity of a Test of Significance","volume":"23","author":"JP Sutcliffe","year":"1958","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353378.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref035","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref036","volume-title":"An easy guide to factor analysis","author":"P Kline","year":"1994"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0353378.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.424","article-title":"Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification","volume":"3","author":"LT Hu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0353378.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2012.715252","article-title":"An Investigation of the Sample Performance of Two Nonnormality Corrections for RMSEA","volume":"47","author":"PE Brosseau-Liard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353378.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0802_3","article-title":"Sample size and number of parameter estimates in maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis: A Monte Carlo investigation","volume":"8","author":"DL Jackson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.126.3.237","article-title":"Multivariate analysis: the need for data, and other problems","volume":"126","author":"BS Everitt","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref041","volume-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1978","edition":"2"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0353378.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00268-z","article-title":"Cognitive and emotional factors in health behaviour: Dual-process reasoning, cognitive styles and optimism as predictors of healthy lifestyle, healthy behaviours and medical adherence","volume":"40","author":"H Tomljenovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353378.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.71.2.390","article-title":"Individual differences in intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles","volume":"71","author":"S Epstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0353378.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164413495237","article-title":"Sample Size Requirements for Structural Equation Models: An Evaluation of Power, Bias, and Solution Propriety","volume":"76","author":"EJ Wolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353378.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2012.725437","article-title":"Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality","volume":"95","author":"SP Reise","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"pone.0353378.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551623","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.551623","article-title":"Development and Validation of the Holistic Cognition Scale","volume":"12","author":"AA Lux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353378.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr4002_3","article-title":"Statistical Modeling of the Individual: Rationale and Application of Multivariate Stationary Time Series Analysis","volume":"40","author":"EL Hamaker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0353378","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:35:31Z","timestamp":1784136931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0353378"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mustafa Can","family":"KOC","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0353378","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]}}}