{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:40:32Z","timestamp":1785559232611,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of the Vice President for Research and Innovation of the Addis Ababa University","award":["TR\/014\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TR\/014\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite the widespread use of conventional analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, their clinical utility is often limited by adverse effects, necessitating the search for safer alternatives from medicinal plants. This study investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the 80% methanolic root extract of\n                    <jats:italic>Grewia schweinfurthii<\/jats:italic>\n                    Burret and an isolated bioactive compound using established rodent models. Air-dried roots were extracted by maceration with 80% methanol, and acute oral toxicity was evaluated following OECD guidelines. Analgesic activity was assessed using the acetic acid\u2013induced writhing and hot plate models in mice, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. A bioactive compound, 4 (2\u02ba-(4\u2032-isopropylphenyl) propan-2\u02ba-yl)-2,3-dihydrofuran, was isolated via column chromatography and tested for anti-inflammatory activity. In the writhing test, the extract produced significant (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) dose-dependent inhibition of abdominal constrictions, with 13.90%, 56.81%, and 75.48% inhibition at 100, 200, and 400 mg\/kg, respectively, compared to 80.77% inhibition by aspirin (150 mg\/kg). In the hot plate model, the 400 mg\/kg dose significantly prolonged latency time from a baseline of 5.67\u2009\u00b1\u20090.33 s to 9.17\u2009\u00b1\u20091.01 s at 120 min (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), indicating central analgesic activity. In the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, the extract demonstrated marked anti-inflammatory effects, with 93% inhibition at 400 mg\/kg at the 5th hour, comparable to indomethacin (95% inhibition). The isolated compound exhibited significant dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity, achieving 75% inhibition at 40 mg\/kg at 5 hours (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Overall, the findings demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>G. schweinfurthii<\/jats:italic>\n                    root extract and its isolated compound possess significant peripheral and central analgesic as well as potent anti-inflammatory activities, supporting the plant\u2019s traditional use; however, further mechanistic, toxicological, and pharmacokinetic studies are required before clinical relevance can be established.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0353400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T17:44:41Z","timestamp":1784742281000},"page":"e0353400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the root extract of Grewia schweinfurthii Burret and its major chemical constituents"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9448-6519","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdi Leta","family":"Gemechu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirutse","family":"Giday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9966-2236","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Solomon","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariaya","family":"Hymete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353400.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1982-y","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of solvent fractions of the leaves of Moringa stenopetala Bak. (Moringaceae) in mice models","volume":"17","author":"Y Tamrat","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S396769","article-title":"Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of Ehretia cymosa Thonn (Boraginaceae) leaves in Rodents","volume":"15","author":"G Ashagrie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0353400.ref003","first-page":"620","article-title":"Caring for patients with chronic pain: pearls and pitfalls","volume":"113","author":"DJ Debono","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S361194","article-title":"Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of methanolic leaf and root extracts of Gomphocarpus purpurascens A. Rich (Asclepiadaceae) in mice","volume":"15","author":"MA Ayanaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic study of extracts of Guibourtia tessmanii (harms) L\u00e9onard from Gabon","volume":"7","author":"S Obiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Phytosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0353400.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103999","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from Cassia alata, Eleusine indica, Eremomastax speciosa, Carica papaya and Polyscias fulva medicinal plants collected in Cameroon","volume":"9","author":"B Sagnia","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref007","first-page":"4179487","article-title":"Artocarpus hirsutus Lam leaf extract-evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"2022","author":"M Karthik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353400.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2015.08.006","article-title":"An overview of pharmacologic management of chronic pain","volume":"100","author":"BR Beal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353400.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.04.041","article-title":"In vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Ocimum suave in mice","volume":"142","author":"B Masresha","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353400.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.06.006","article-title":"In vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of Cheilanthes farinosa","volume":"108","author":"M Yonathan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353400.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4103\/0257-7941.122998","article-title":"Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of root bark of Grewia asiatica Linn. in rodents","volume":"32","author":"US Paviaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anc Sci Life"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S167789","article-title":"Medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activities from selected countries and regions of Africa","volume":"11","author":"OO Oguntibeju","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref013","first-page":"1","article-title":"In vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities of Genista quadriflora Munby extracts","volume":"6","author":"N Boubekri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacia Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0353400.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-960196","article-title":"Compounds inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis isolated from Ipomoea pes-caprae","volume":"57","author":"U Pongprayoon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353400.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00107-7","article-title":"Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of some plants used for medicinal purposes in Kenya","volume":"87","author":"EN Matu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref016","article-title":"Tiliaceae in Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea.","volume-title":"Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea Volume 2, Part 2","author":"K Vollesen","year":"1995"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref017","article-title":"Study on the diversity and use of wild edible plants in Bullen district, northwest Ethiopia","author":"T Berihun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bot"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wild useful plants with emphasis on traditional use of medicinal and edible plants by the people of Aba\u2019ala, north-eastern Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"M Meragiaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Plants Res"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.17348\/era.12.0.455-471","article-title":"Ethnobotany of wild and semi-wild edible fruit species used by Maale and Ari ethnic communities in Southern Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"B Kidane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethnobot Res Appl"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref020","first-page":"93","article-title":"Wild edible plants: sustainable use and management by indigenous communities in and buffer area of Awash National Park, Ethiopia. SINET:","volume":"36","author":"T Bahiru","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ethiop J Sci"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref021","first-page":"138","article-title":"Seasonal availability and consumption of wild edible plants in semiarid Ethiopia: implications to food security and climate change adaptation","volume":"3","author":"DH Feyssa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hortic For"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353400.ref022","article-title":"Wild edible plants in Ethiopia: a review on their potential to combat food insecurity","volume":"24","author":"E Lulekal","year":"2011","journal-title":"AF"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref023","article-title":"Ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants among Mursi, Bodi and Bacha communities in lower Omo valley of South Omo zone, southern Ethiopia","author":"S Gobezie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Square"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353400.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2022.100290","article-title":"Traditional uses, phytochemistry, quality control and biological activities of genus Grewia","volume":"2","author":"S Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Plus"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0353400.ref025","first-page":"983","article-title":"Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Grewia asiatica fruit extracts in albino mice","volume":"73","author":"B Akhtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pol Pharm"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref026","article-title":"OECD Test No. 425: acute oral toxicity: up-and-down procedure.","author":"OECD","year":"2008","journal-title":"OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4. Paris: OECD Publishing"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353400.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1594\/1\/012008","article-title":"Preliminary phytochemical screening and fluorescence characterization of several medicinal plants extract from East Java Indonesia","volume":"833","author":"Suprapto","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S267154","article-title":"Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of 80% methanol root extract of Echinops kebericho M. (Asteraceae)","volume":"13","author":"T Yimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"pone.0353400.ref029","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of 80% methanolic leaf extract of Moringa stenopetala Bak. F. in mice","volume":"31","author":"H Geremew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ethiop Pharm J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353400.ref030","first-page":"933","article-title":"Analgesic, Anti- inflammatory, Anti- lipoxygenase Activity and Characterization of Three Bioactive Compounds in the Most Active Fraction of Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.)Wight & Arn. - A Valuable Medicinal Plant","volume":"14","author":"SK Mohanty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0353400","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T17:44:49Z","timestamp":1784742289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0353400"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Eshetie Melese","family":"Birru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0353400","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]}}}