{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:15:00Z","timestamp":1783707300681,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Herbal products are rich in the source of bioactive ingredients, including phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and essential oil components such as cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and 1,8-cineole, and have significant potential for therapeutic applications that are associated with antioxidant and anticoccidial activities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aims<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical quantification and antioxidant anticoccidial assay in methanolic extracts of\n Cinnamomum verum<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Laurus nobilis<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Total phenol, flavonoid, and tannin content was measured using standard spectrophotometric methods. Phytochemical properties were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (ABTS) free radical scavenging assays. In vitro anticoccidial activity was assessed using seven concentrations\n :<\/jats:italic>\n 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg\/mL of\n C. verum and L. nobilis<\/jats:italic>\n , in addition to K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087 as the control at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n FTIR analysis revealed characteristic absorption bands in the\n C. verum<\/jats:italic>\n and\n L. nobilis<\/jats:italic>\n extracts, indicating the presence of diverse functional groups associated with phenolic and related phytochemical constituents, as evidenced by their characteristic absorption bands across the 400\u20134000 cm\u2009\u207b\u2009\u00b9 range. All extracts contained measurable levels of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. The highest total phenolic content was recorded in\n C. verum<\/jats:italic>\n (63.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.552 mg\/g dry weight) and\n L.<\/jats:italic>\n nobilis<\/jats:italic>\n (57.40\u2009\u00b1\u20096.05 mg\/g dry weight). All extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with IC\u2085\u2080 values for DPPH (12.59\u2009\u00b1\u20090.51 and 30.32\u2009\u00b1\u20093.22 \u03bcg\/mL) and ABTS (13.95\u2009\u00b1\u20090.35, 19.56\u2009\u00b1\u20094.89 \u03bcg\/mL) assays to\n C. verum and L. nobilis<\/jats:italic>\n . The extracts exhibited dose- and time-dependent inhibition of\n E. columbae<\/jats:italic>\n sporulated oocysts, at 200 mg\/ml, 75.67% at\n C. verum<\/jats:italic>\n and 72.57% at\n L. nobilis<\/jats:italic>\n (p\u2009<\u20090.05) at higher concentrations at 96 h, alongside increased oocyst destruction of ~12%.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n The findings demonstrated that the extracts of\n C. verum and L. nobilis<\/jats:italic>\n leaves contain bioactive phytochemicals that inhibit coccidia oocysts in vitro, suggesting a potentially effective and safe natural option for managing coccidiosis in Domestic Pigeons.\n <\/jats:p>\n 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