{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:14:34Z","timestamp":1783707274578,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12372137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12372137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021YFF0501800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0501800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["[Grant number 22KJB570007, 23KJD580002 and 23KJD460005]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[Grant number 22KJB570007, 23KJD580002 and 23KJD460005]"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pipe corrosion, specifically pitting corrosion, is the main cause of destructive pipe leakage, driven by the harsh working environment of liquid and gas transportation. Therefore, detecting pitting corrosion is essential for ensuring the safe operation of metal pipes. This study investigates a nonlinear ultrasonic technique using macro fiber composite transducers, aiming to assess pitting corrosion in metal pipes at an early stage, with a focus on characterizing the influence of temperature on the ultrasonic nonlinearity. Macro fiber composite transducers with flexibility and high ultrasonic performance were used to actuate and detect ultrasonic guided waves propagating in pipes with curved surfaces. Considering the multi-mode propagation characteristics, the 1.4 MHz second-harmonic ultrasonic component generated by the nonlinear interaction between ultrasonic guided waves and pitting corrosion was extracted. Repeated experiments revealed that both the second-harmonic amplitude and relative nonlinear parameter exhibited a monotonic increase with the number of cycles and area of pitting corrosion. For comparison with the nonlinear results, statistical metrics including the mean slopes, coefficient of determination, and relative standard deviation of the linear fitting parameter were determined alongside the linear ultrasonic experiments. These results indicate that, despite some inherent data variability, the proposed nonlinear ultrasonic technique exhibits comparatively better sensitivity, goodness-of-fit and repeatability than linear ultrasonic methods for identifying pitting corrosion. Thus, the proposed nonlinear ultrasonic technique using macro fiber composites offers a promising complementary alternative for early corrosion assessment in metal pipes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0353469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:34:48Z","timestamp":1783704888000},"page":"e0353469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Corrosion assessment in aluminum pipe based on nonlinear ultrasonic technique using macro fiber composite 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