{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:24:38Z","timestamp":1789691078288,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013920","name":"Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["037\/02\/POB5\/0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["037\/02\/POB5\/0027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trauma experienced across the lifespan has been linked to a wide range of adverse mental health outcomes. However, the psychological mechanisms connecting betrayal trauma to later psychopathology remain insufficiently understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study investigated associations between betrayal trauma during childhood and adulthood and adult psychopathology\u2014specifically depressive symptoms and level of personality functioning within a dimensional model of personality disorders. We tested a path model examining direct and indirect associations between betrayal trauma at different developmental periods and adult psychopathology via dissociation and hypomentalizing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A sample of 209 adults (61% female; aged 18\u201345 years;\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200929.7,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097.88) were recruited from community and clinical settings in Poland.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants completed validated self-report measures assessing betrayal trauma, depressive symptoms, personality functioning (ICD-11 model), dissociation, and mentalizing. Path analyses with parallel mediation were conducted using Satorra\u2013Bentler estimation and 5,000 bootstrap resamples to examine both direct and indirect associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both childhood and adulthood betrayal trauma were significantly associated with depressive symptoms and PD severity through dissociation and hypomentalizing [\u03c7\u00b2(6) = 13.68, p\u2009=\u2009.033; CFI\u2009=\u20090.989; TLI\u2009=\u20090.931; RMSEA\u2009=\u20090.078; SRMR\u2009=\u20090.038]. No significant direct effects were observed once psychological processes were included. Mentalizing consistently demonstrated a stronger indirect association than dissociation across models. Adulthood betrayal trauma showed a greater total effect on depressive symptoms (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009.30; p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) than childhood trauma (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2009.17; p\u2009=\u2009.043), whereas their effects on personality pathology were comparable (respectively, \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2009.21; p\u2009=\u2009.006 for adult trauma and \u03b2\u2009=\u2009.22; p\u2009=\u2009.008 for childhood trauma). For adulthood trauma and PD severity, the direct association was small and non-significant (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2212.06), whereas indirect effects via dissociation (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009.11) and mentalizing (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009.16) were positive, resulting in a positive total effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec006\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that the link between betrayal trauma and adult psychopathology may be best conceptualised in terms of co-occurring psychological processes rather than direct exposure effects. Hypomentalizing, in particular, appears to represent a key transdiagnostic mechanism connecting relational trauma across developmental stages with both mood and personality pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0353662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T17:28:30Z","timestamp":1783963710000},"page":"e0353662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Betrayal trauma and adult mental health: The role of mentalizing and dissociation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5739-1124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Monika Olga","family":"Ja\u0144czak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Gagliardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"Colli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0229-0091","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Fonagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Nolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0353662.ref001","author":"JO Hagelquist","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mentalization with neglected and traumatized children"},{"key":"pone.0353662.ref002","volume-title":"Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice","author":"A Bateman","year":"2019","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353662.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v07n03_04","article-title":"Self-reports of potentially traumatic experiences in an adult community sample: gender differences and test-retest stabilities of the items in a brief betrayal-trauma survey","volume":"7","author":"LR Goldberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Trauma Dissociation"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0353662.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327019eb0404_1","article-title":"Betrayal trauma: Traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to childhood abuse","volume":"4","author":"J Freyd","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ethics & Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353662.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-017-0062-8","article-title":"What we have changed our minds about: Part 2. 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