{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:09:07Z","timestamp":1784138947586,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Psychological wellbeing (PWB) is a vital aspect of healthy aging, encompassing overall functioning, life satisfaction, and the ability to manage life\u2019s challenges. It is shaped by various socio-demographic, financial, and health-related factors. However, evidence on these associations among older adults in Nepal is limited. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify the level of PWB and its associated factors in this population. A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out among 300 older adults attending daycare centers in Kathmandu, Nepal. The respondents were selected using quota sampling based on the daycare centers. Subsequently, face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data using structured interview schedules covering socio-demographic, financial, and health-related characteristics, as well as the Ryff PWB Scale. The collected data were then entered into Epi data software and analyzed using SPSS version 16. First, descriptive statistics were computed to summarize the sample characteristics and PWB, and subsequently, chi-square tests, and bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between the independent variables and PWB. Bivariate analysis shows that sex, marital status, offspring status, literacy status, former employment status, current employment status, pension status, and receipt of the old age allowance (OAA) were significantly associated with PWB. However, in multivariable logistic regression analysis, marital status, literacy status, former employment, and receipt of the OAA were significantly associated with PWB. Married older adults living with a spouse (\n                    <jats:italic>AOR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.75, 95%\n                    <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 1.02\u20133.02), literate individuals (\n                    <jats:italic>AOR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.12, 95%\n                    <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 1.18\u20133.82), and those with prior employment (\n                    <jats:italic>AOR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.94, 95%\n                    <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 1.36\u201311.36) had higher odds of high PWB, with p-value\u2009&lt;\u2009.05. In contrast, OAA recipients had lower odds of high PWB (\n                    <jats:italic>AOR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.47, 95%\n                    <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 0.23\u20130.96,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.037). Age, sex, and pension status were not significantly associated with PWB in the adjusted model. In conclusion, marital status, literacy status, former employment, and receipt of OAA were the factors associated with PWB. A holistic approach is recommended, including targeted interventions for illiterate older adults; those who are divorced, separated, unmarried, or widowed; those without formal employment history; and OAA recipients.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Not applicable. The authors clarify that this study employed a cross-sectional design, with data collected and analyzed at a single time point, and therefore it does not constitute a clinical trial.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0353748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:34:48Z","timestamp":1784136888000},"page":"e0353748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychological wellbeing and its associated factors among older adults attending daycare centers in Kathmandu, Nepal: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7596-2349","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rekha","family":"Timalsina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhusudan","family":"Subedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bigya","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pabitra","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0353748.ref001","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref002","volume-title":"Asia aging: demographic, economic, and health transitions: international population","author":"W He","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref003","author":"Government of Nepal O of the PM and C of M, National Statistical Office","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-7842-7_154","article-title":"Global population aging, 1950\u20132050.","author":"K Navaneetham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rajan SI, editor. Handbook of aging, health and public policy. Singapore: Springer"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref005","author":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-7842-7_109","article-title":"Mental health in older adults.","author":"PV Indu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rajan SI, editor. Handbook of Aging, health and public policy. Singapore: Springer"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref007","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref008","first-page":"100009","article-title":"Graceful aging: addressing cognitive and emotional challenges in later life","volume":"4","author":"K Kamene","year":"2025","journal-title":"Premier J Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105293","article-title":"Understanding how older adults sustain mental well-being when facing challenging in later life","volume":"259","author":"R Upasen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref010","author":"World Health Organization"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0353748.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069","article-title":"Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being","volume":"57","author":"CD Ryff","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353748.ref012","first-page":"74","article-title":"Psychological well-being of the Elderly in Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"OG Ibitoye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Niger J Sociol Anthropol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0353748.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220000964","article-title":"Psychological well-being among older adults during the COVID-19 outbreak: a comparative study of the young-old and the old-old adults","volume":"32","author":"J L\u00f3pez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0353748.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5699","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20254051","article-title":"Psychological distress and socio-demographic correlates among old-age home residents in Bengaluru, Karnataka: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"S Sequeira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0353748.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4103\/jfcm.jfcm_127_25","article-title":"Determinants of psychosocial well-being of older adults in Sarawak, Malaysia","volume":"32","author":"J Stephen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Family Community Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353748.ref016","first-page":"1","article-title":"Socio-demographic correlates of psychological well-being among older adults in Bhutan","volume":"3","author":"N Dorji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353748.ref017","article-title":"Psychological distress and its association with socio-demographic factors in a rural district in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"FMA Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353748.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/27707571.2023.2245525","article-title":"Well-being in the age of COVID-19: the role of social support","volume":"10","author":"AK Morgan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogent Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353748.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02680-3","article-title":"Socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, multi-morbid conditions and depressive symptoms among Nepalese older adults","volume":"20","author":"UN Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353748.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04384-1","article-title":"Identifying the impact of social isolation and loneliness on psychological well-being among the elderly in old-age homes of India: the mediating role of gender, marital status, and education","volume":"23","author":"B Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353748.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.21277\/sw.v1i8.323","article-title":"Psychological well-being of elderly people: the social factors","volume":"8","author":"OH Kovalenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"SW"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353748.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-06506-3","article-title":"Factors associated with psychological well-being among older adults attending daycare centers of Kathmandu, Nepal: a cross-sectional path-analytical study","volume":"25","author":"R Timalsina","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0353748.ref023","article-title":"Determination of minimum sample size requirement for multiple linear regression and analysis of covariance based on experimental and non-experimental studies","volume":"14","author":"M Adam Bujang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiol Biostat Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0353748.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00236-3","article-title":"A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis","volume":"49","author":"P Peduzzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0353748.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.4.719","article-title":"The structure of psychological well-being revisited","volume":"69","author":"CD Ryff","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392007","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1392007","article-title":"A cross-sectional analysis of gender and psychological well-being among older Taiwanese adults","volume":"15","author":"DN Fergus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igy023.2568","article-title":"Internal consistency and factorial validity of the 42-item Psychological Well-Being Scales","volume":"2","author":"S Shryock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Innov Aging"},{"issue":"53","key":"pone.0353748.ref028","first-page":"423","article-title":"Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: some considerations","volume":"22","author":"JC Borsa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paid\u00e9ia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353748.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0752-2","article-title":"Sample size for pre-tests of questionnaires","volume":"24","author":"TV Perneger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0353748.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"PE Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353748.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.15171\/jcvtr.2019.14","article-title":"Considering the design effect in cluster sampling","volume":"11","author":"Y Alimohamadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Thorac Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0353748.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2011.01185.x","article-title":"Logistic regression: a brief primer","volume":"18","author":"JC Stoltzfus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref033","volume-title":"SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS","author":"J Pallant","year":"2016","edition":"6"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0353748.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-017-0166-z","article-title":"The possible protective effect of marital status in quality of life among elders in a u.s.-mexico border city","volume":"54","author":"M Guti\u00e9rrez-Vega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref035","volume-title":"The state of well-being of older persons: a comparative study across developing Asia","author":"A Kikkawa","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_2535-2","article-title":"Role theory, life course perspective.","author":"RC Barnett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maggino F, editor. Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. Cham: Springer"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796020000906","article-title":"Employment is a critical mental health intervention","volume":"29","author":"RE Drake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0353748.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856215618523","article-title":"The mental health benefits of employment: results of a systematic meta-review","volume":"24","author":"M Modini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Australas Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref039","author":"K Keil"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref040","author":"N Ogunjiofor","year":"2025"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0353748.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13936","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192113936","article-title":"Adulthood employment trajectories and later life mental health before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"19","author":"I Cabib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0353748.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3126\/kjms.v3i1.48181","article-title":"Satisfaction of old age allowance among senior citizen in Lamjung District, Nepal","volume":"3","author":"GP Sedhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kalika J Interdisciplinary Studies"},{"issue":"01","key":"pone.0353748.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3126\/jbm.v6i01.46637","article-title":"Uses of social security allowances on socio-economic status of people in Kaski","volume":"6","author":"D Ranabhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bus Mgt"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref044","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0353748.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01529-4","article-title":"Day centres for older people - attender characteristics, access routes and outcomes of regular attendance: findings of exploratory mixed methods case study research","volume":"20","author":"K Orellana","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0353748","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:34:55Z","timestamp":1784136895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0353748"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"De Luca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0353748","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]}}}