{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:57:41Z","timestamp":1790791061158,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Team of the Guangdong Provincial Department of Education","award":["2022WCXTD015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022WCXTD015"]}]},{"name":"Research Platform \u201cVisual Culture Research Center\u201d of the Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts","award":["22PTC002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22PTC002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/044my7157","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study integrates AMS\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    C dating of 12 plant specimens, Bayesian modeling, and Tibetan texts to establish the first high-resolution construction chronology for key structures of the Guge ancient city in western Tibet. To ensure chronological precision and mitigate the old-wood effect, sampling prioritized short-lived annual plants and the outermost growth layers of small-diameter timber. Radiocarbon data were processed using the IntCal20 calibration curve and constrained by independent historical\n                    <jats:italic>termini ante quos<\/jats:italic>\n                    derived from mural inscriptions and prayer texts. The findings delineate three primary developmental phases: an Early Construction Phase (mid-to-late 15th century) encompassing the VIF27 complex, dated to 1457\u20131471 CE; a White Temple Phase (mid-16th century) focused on Buddha statues, which ended between 1556 and 1560 CE; and a Late Defensive Phase (mid-17th to late 18th century) involving the reinforcement of Watchtower VIII D2 (1661\u20131813 CE), possibly in response to regional conflicts. Notably, the use of herbaceous samples successfully resolved the 16th-century calibration plateau ambiguities, aligning the production closely with the reign of King Jig rten dbang phyug. This systematic framework provides a robust empirical foundation for understanding the architectural evolution and socio-political transformations of the Guge Kingdom.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0353853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:23:28Z","timestamp":1790789008000},"page":"e0353853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dating the key structures of the Guge ancient city through integrated 14C and literary research"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Maritime University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"],"department":["Department of Art and Design"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Culture Research Center, Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9297-2534","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiaming","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Culture Research Center, Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shargan","family":"Wangdue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tibetan Institute of the Preservation of Cultural Relics","place":["Lhasa, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"],"department":["Department of Cultural Heritage Protection and anagement"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology","place":["Xi'an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0353853.ref001","volume-title":"The kingdom of Ladakh: c. 950-1842 A.D","author":"L Petech","year":"1977"},{"key":"pone.0353853.ref002","volume-title":"Archaeological studies on monasteries of Tibetan Buddhism (Zangchuan fojiao siyuan kaogu)","author":"B Su","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2869","key":"pone.0353853.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1126\/science.110.2869.678","article-title":"Age determinations by radiocarbon content; 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