{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T18:32:22Z","timestamp":1787337142687,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009157","name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90 REGE0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90 REGE0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) of early onset has primarily been studied in children, but little is known about its progression into adulthood, despite CVI being recognized as a lifelong condition. This study investigates higher visual function deficits (HVFDs) in adults with early-onset CVI through a prospective controlled design. We first assessed the feasibility of an adapted HVF Question Inventory (HVFQI-59Q) in detecting HVFDs in adults with CVI compared to neurotypical (NT) adults (ANTs, n\u2009=\u200967). We then compared HVFD patterns in adults with early-onset CVI (A\u2013Early Onset, n\u2009=\u200929), adults with late-onset brain injury (A\u2013Late Onset, n\u2009=\u200922), and a previously interviewed cohort of children with CVI (n\u2009=\u200992) and child neurotypicals (n\u2009=\u2009120). The HVFQI-59Q was used to evaluate the spectrum and severity of HVFDs across the adult groups. Results showed HVFDs are present in A\u2013Early Onset, with similarities and distinct differences compared to children. The A\u2013Late Onset group exhibited a broader range of deficits and lower median values, suggesting more variability in visual impairments. These findings confirm that HVFDs persist into adulthood and that late-onset brain injuries may result in HVFDs similar to CVI, challenging previous assumptions about localized effects and the need for a review of terminology for A\u2013Late Onset, highlighting the need for further research in the adult group. The study underscores the importance of continuous CVI evaluation across the lifespan and supports the HVFQI-59Q as an effective clinical tool for detecting HVFDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0354174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:46:06Z","timestamp":1787334366000},"page":"e0354174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Persistence of higher visual function deficits in adults with early-onset cerebral visual impairment: A comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8554-6931","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arvind","family":"Chandna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Veitzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3540-5976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Celine","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4408-8094","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph","family":"Towler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2001.0078","article-title":"Cerebral visual impairment in children","volume":"6","author":"GN Dutton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Neonatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X241300818","article-title":"CVI interventions: a call to action in the United States","volume":"118","author":"C Bauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blind"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711873","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.711873","article-title":"Higher visual function deficits in children with cerebral visual impairment and good visual acuity","volume":"15","author":"A Chandna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451257","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1451257","article-title":"Higher visual function deficits are independent of visual acuity measures in children with cerebral visual impairment","volume":"18","author":"A Chandna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510771","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1510771","article-title":"Sensory substitution and augmentation techniques in cerebral visual impairment: a discussion of lived experiences","volume":"19","author":"SL Duesing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0354174.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.011","article-title":"What is cerebral\/cortical visual impairment and why do we need a new definition?","volume":"131","author":"S Gordon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref007","author":"HEA Sakki","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0354174.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017","article-title":"Special commentary: cerebral\/cortical visual impairment working definition: A report from the National Institutes of Health CVI workshop","volume":"131","author":"MY Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354174.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.08.002","article-title":"Dorsal-stream motion processing deficits persist into adulthood in Williams syndrome","volume":"44","author":"J Atkinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref010","volume-title":"Visual impairment in children due to damage to the brain","author":"GN Dutton","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354174.ref011","first-page":"350","article-title":"The impact of cerebral visual impairment on social skills and sensory processing","volume":"45","author":"E K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","year":"2024","journal-title":"OTJR: Occupat Ther J Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354174.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1996.tb12083.x","article-title":"Correlation between cerebral visual impairment and magnetic resonance imaging in children with neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"38","author":"G Cioni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354174.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00387.x","article-title":"Recent advances in cortical visual impairment","volume":"43","author":"WV Good","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354174.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738070220030801","article-title":"Spectrum of visual disorders in children with cerebral visual impairment","volume":"22","author":"E Fazzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0354174.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532","article-title":"Epidemiology of blindness in children","volume":"102","author":"AL Solebo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.6.670","article-title":"Chronic cortical visual impairment in children: aetiology, prognosis, and associated neurological deficits","volume":"83","author":"R Huo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354174.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.01.122","article-title":"Cortical visual impairment: etiology, associated findings, and prognosis in a tertiary care setting","volume":"11","author":"V Khetpal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0354174.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.30.11.e81","article-title":"Cortical visual impairment","volume":"30","author":"LH Ospina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.08.001","article-title":"Cerebral Visual Impairment: which perceptive visual dysfunctions can be expected in children with brain damage? A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"FH Boot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354174.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12155","article-title":"Identifying and characterising cerebral visual impairment in children: a review","volume":"97","author":"SS Philip","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1274_17","article-title":"Cerebral visual impairment in children: causes and associated ophthalmological problems","volume":"66","author":"N Pehere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354174.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.186","article-title":"Novel genetic causes for cerebral visual impairment","volume":"24","author":"DGM Bosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg-2023-109670","article-title":"Cerebral visual impairment: genetic diagnoses and phenotypic associations","volume":"61","author":"Genomics England Research Consortium","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354174.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-973556","article-title":"Orientation-reversal and phase-reversal visual evoked potentials in full-term infants with brain lesions: a longitudinal study","volume":"29","author":"E Mercuri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354174.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.04.015","article-title":"Cognitive visual impairment with good visual acuity in children with posterior periventricular white matter injury: a series of 7 cases","volume":"11","author":"S Saidkasimova","year":"2007","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354174.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2012.680232","article-title":"Diagnosing cerebral visual impairment in children with good visual acuity","volume":"20","author":"M van Genderen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-14-59","article-title":"Low vision due to cerebral visual impairment: differentiating between acquired and genetic causes","volume":"14","author":"DGM Bosch","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713316","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.713316","article-title":"Cortical visual impairments and learning disabilities","volume":"15","author":"S Chokron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689683","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.689683","article-title":"Bridging the gap: parent and child perspectives of living with cerebral visual impairments","volume":"15","author":"T Goodenough","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14081","article-title":"Home-based early intervention in infants and young children with visual impairment using the developmental journal: longitudinal cohort study","volume":"61","author":"NJ Dale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772353","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.772353","article-title":"Longitudinal neurological analysis of moderate and severe pediatric cerebral visual impairment","volume":"16","author":"A Jimenez-Gomez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31806dba5f","article-title":"Longitudinal quantitative assessment of vision function in children with cortical visual impairment","volume":"84","author":"T Watson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0354174.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1010401008","article-title":"Cerebral visual impairment in children: a longitudinal case study of functional outcomes beyond the visual acuities","volume":"104","author":"FC Lam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blind"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354174.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.16096","article-title":"Natural history of cerebral visual impairment in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"67","author":"J Galli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354174.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2301001","article-title":"Aberrant white matter development in cerebral visual impairment: a proposed mechanism for visual dysfunction following early brain injury","volume":"23","author":"CM Bauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496153","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1496153","article-title":"Implications of cerebral\/cortical visual impairment on life and learning: insights and strategies from lived experiences","volume":"18","author":"RG Bennett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496730","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1496730","article-title":"Hiding in plain sight: children with visual perceptual difficulties in schools","volume":"18","author":"N McDowell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X241300830","article-title":"One size does not fit all: the lived experiences of children and adults who have CVI","volume":"118","author":"N McDowell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blind"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354174.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000054262.69831.24","article-title":"Stroke neuroimaging","volume":"34","author":"S Warach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.12.009","article-title":"Neuroimaging after mild traumatic brain injury: review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"C Eierud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354174.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/40.1.15","article-title":"Dissociation of visual perceptions due to occipital injuries, with especial reference to appreciation of movement","volume":"40","author":"G Riddoch","year":"1917","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0354174.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2.7.353","article-title":"Disturbances of vision by cerebral lesions","volume":"2","author":"G Holmes","year":"1918","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354174.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.1.25","article-title":"The Riddoch syndrome: insights into the neurobiology of conscious vision","volume":"121","author":"S Zeki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref044","first-page":"338","article-title":"Cognitive and perceptual deficits following brain damage","author":"MJ Riddoch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiotherapy: a psychosocial approach. Elsevier"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354174.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20515","article-title":"Age, experience, injury, and the changing brain","volume":"54","author":"B Kolb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354174.ref046","article-title":"High incidence and prevalence of visual problems after acute stroke: an epidemiology study with implications for service delivery","volume":"14","author":"FJ Rowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0354174.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1859631","article-title":"Impact of visual impairment following stroke (IVIS study): a prospective clinical profile of central and peripheral visual deficits, eye movement abnormalities and visual perceptual deficits","volume":"44","author":"FJ Rowe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354174.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/026921558700100403","article-title":"The frequency of perceptual deficits after stroke","volume":"1","author":"JA Edmans","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.01.019","article-title":"An insight into the vision impairment following traumatic brain injury","volume":"111","author":"N Sen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354174.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afn230","article-title":"Visual impairment following stroke: do stroke patients require vision assessment?","volume":"38","author":"F Rowe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0354174.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6620","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2021.1970246","article-title":"Visual perceptual deficit screening in stroke survivors: evaluation of current practice in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland","volume":"44","author":"MJ Colwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354174.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215644","article-title":"Post-stroke cognitive impairment: epidemiology, risk factors, and management","volume":"86","author":"Y-Y Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref053","author":"National Institute of Mental Health","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg-2023-109670","article-title":"Cerebral visual impairment: genetic diagnoses and phenotypic associations","volume":"61","author":"Genomics England Research Consortium","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354174.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700344","article-title":"Cognitive vision, its disorders and differential diagnosis in adults and children: knowing where and what things are","volume":"17","author":"GN Dutton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354174.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050600664368","article-title":"The incidence of visual perceptual impairment in patients with severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"20","author":"K McKenna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0354174.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050802203353","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury induces prolonged visual processing deficits in children","volume":"22","author":"O Brosseau-Lachaine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref058","author":"A Arratoonian","year":"2011"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0354174.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3971","article-title":"Chronic aspects of pediatric traumatic brain injury: review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"T Babikian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12670","article-title":"Visual problems associated with traumatic brain injury","volume":"101","author":"RA Armstrong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN242&3_08","article-title":"Early brain injury in children: development and reorganization of cognitive function","volume":"24","author":"L Ewing-Cobbs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2010.10.006","article-title":"Neural plasticity after acquired brain injury: evidence from functional neuroimaging","volume":"2","author":"H Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354174.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2011.09.008","article-title":"10 years outcome from childhood traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","author":"V Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354174.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optm.2006.11.011","article-title":"Occurrence of oculomotor dysfunctions in acquired brain injury: a retrospective analysis","volume":"78","author":"KJ Ciuffreda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119860914.ch33","author":"JH Kaas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comparative cognitive neuroscience and dorsal and ventral streams in primates. Neocortical neurogenesis in development and evolution. Wiley"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354174.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(82)90081-X","article-title":"Contribution of striate inputs to the visuospatial functions of parieto-preoccipital cortex in monkeys","volume":"6","author":"M Mishkin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354174.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90344-8","article-title":"Separate visual pathways for perception and action","volume":"15","author":"MA Goodale","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7131.003.0040","article-title":"Ventral and dorsal cortical processing streams","author":"LG Ungerleider","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Visual Neurosciences, 2-vol. set. The MIT Press"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354174.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57837-7","article-title":"White matter dissection and structural connectivity of the human vertical occipital fasciculus to link vision-associated brain cortex","volume":"10","author":"T Jitsuishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0354174.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.06.065","article-title":"Primate brain: a unique connection between dorsal and ventral visual cortex","volume":"34","author":"JD Yeatman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354174.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.10.005","article-title":"Two visual systems re-viewed","volume":"46","author":"AD Milner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"6305","key":"pone.0354174.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/349154a0","article-title":"A neurological dissociation between perceiving objects and grasping them","volume":"349","author":"MA Goodale","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354174.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000365","article-title":"Progress in primary progressive aphasia: a review","volume":"37","author":"A Kertesz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354174.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02414-5","article-title":"Development of white matter tracts between and within the dorsal and ventral streams","volume":"227","author":"S Vinci-Booher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354174.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2017.04.005","article-title":"Disentangling how the brain is \u201cWired\u201d in Cortical (Cerebral) visual impairment","volume":"24","author":"LB Merabet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.10.011","article-title":"Neuroplasticity in cerebral visual impairment (CVI): assessing functional vision and the neurophysiological correlates of dorsal stream dysfunction","volume":"108","author":"CR Bennett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354174.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2014.03.004","article-title":"Abnormal white matter tractography of visual pathways detected by high-angular-resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) corresponds to visual dysfunction in cortical\/cerebral visual impairment","volume":"18","author":"CM Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354174.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae203","article-title":"Visuospatial processing in early brain-based visual impairment is associated with differential recruitment of dorsal and ventral visual streams","volume":"34","author":"Z Pamir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0354174.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.154","article-title":"Reliability of a question inventory for structured history taking in children with cerebral visual impairment","volume":"26","author":"C Macintyre-Beon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong M, Ghahghaei S, Chandna A, Kulkarni A. Scalable non-invasive pediatric cerebral visual impairment screening with the higher visual function question inventory (HVFQI). In: Proceedings of the 12th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, and Health Informatics, 2021. 1\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3459930.3469495","DOI":"10.1145\/3459930.3469495"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727565","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.727565","article-title":"The multidisciplinary guidelines for diagnosis and referral in cerebral visual impairment","volume":"16","author":"FN Boonstra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2019.05.003","article-title":"Profiling children with cerebral visual impairment using multiple methods of assessment to aid in differential diagnosis","volume":"31","author":"AH Lueck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14819","article-title":"Cerebral visual impairment-related vision problems in primary school children: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"63","author":"C Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354174.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X231218069","article-title":"A case study on cerebral visual impairment, reading, and braille","volume":"117","author":"K Lane-Karnas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blind"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354174.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.7.3.257","article-title":"Genetical aspects of severe visual impairment in childhood","volume":"7","author":"GR Fraser","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354174.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-024-09580-7","article-title":"Cortical Vision Impairment (CVI)-informed assessment and treatment of challenging behavior in a child with SCN2A-related disorder","volume":"16","author":"Smith-Hicks","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354174.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3102\/1076998610366263","article-title":"Outliers in questionnaire data: can they be detected and should they be removed?","volume":"36","author":"WP Zijlstra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Educ Behav Stat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354174.ref088","first-page":"40","article-title":"Robust factor analysis in the presence of normality violations, missing data, and outliers: empiric","volume":"10","author":"C Zygmont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pract Assess Res Eval"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354174.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.1.4","article-title":"On the neural correlates of visual perception","volume":"9","author":"DA Pollen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0354174.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218127403008260","article-title":"A neurobiological theory of meaning in perception part III: multiple cortical areas synchronize without loss of local autonomy","volume":"13","author":"WJ Freeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Bifurcation Chaos"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354174.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae203","article-title":"Visuospatial processing in early brain-based visual impairment is associated with differential recruitment of dorsal and ventral visual streams","volume":"34","author":"Z Pamir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354174.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-013-9382-1","article-title":"The spectrum of cerebral visual impairment as a sequel to premature birth: an overview","volume":"127","author":"GN Dutton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354174.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14710","article-title":"Visual function subtyping in children with early-onset cerebral visual impairment","volume":"63","author":"H Sakki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref094","volume-title":"How many subjects?: Statistical power analysis in research","author":"HC Kraemer","year":"2015"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0354174.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-8-199304150-00009","article-title":"Measuring health-related quality of life","volume":"118","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354174.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12776","article-title":"What assessments are currently used to investigate and diagnose cerebral visual impairment (CVI) in children? A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"EL McConnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354174.ref097","first-page":"279","article-title":"Proxy ratings of quality of life: a review of psychometric evidence","volume":"11","author":"KCA Sneeuw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Quality of Life Res"},{"key":"pone.0354174.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1815-3","volume-title":"Cerebral visual impairment in children","author":"J Zihl","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0354174","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T17:46:21Z","timestamp":1787334381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0354174"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mohamed Ahmed","family":"Said","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0354174","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}