{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:09:49Z","timestamp":1791230989752,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indigenous goats in Nigeria and neighbouring countries support livelihoods across forest\u2013savanna\u2013Sahel environments, yet genomic structure, connectivity history, and adaptive signals are rarely investigated in a single corridor-scale transboundary framework. We analysed three Nigerian populations (Sahel, Red Sokoto\/Maradi, and West African Dwarf; WAD) and seven neighbouring populations from Burkina Faso, Mali, and Cameroon using 46,431 autosomal markers from 209 unrelated animals (with a South Asian outgroup where needed). We tested whether recurrent vernacular labels map onto shared genomic backgrounds across borders, reconstructed time-layered connectivity, quantified demographic contraction and inbreeding, and prioritised candidate adaptive regions using a structure-aware approach. Model-based ancestry and principal component analysis supported three transboundary genomic backgrounds: (i) a Sahel\u2013Sudan background spanning Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Mali; (ii) a southern Djallonk\u00e9\/WAD background spanning Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Mali; and (iii) a distinct Cameroon dwarf lineage, with Gu\u00e9ra representing a drifted subgroup within the Sahel\u2013Sudan background. Admixture-timing analysis, interpreted as approximate dates inferred from linkage-disequilibrium decay, suggested very recent cross-border involving Nigerian Sahel goats (~30\u201340 years under the assumed generation interval), superimposed on older Sahelian\u2013dwarf exchange (~160\u20131,000 years). Effective population size declined from ~1,400\u20132,700 at ~960 generations ago to ~40\u2013111 at 13 generations ago. Runs of homozygosity indicated low-to-moderate genomic inbreeding (0.004\u20130.040), with long segments (&gt;8 Mb) most pronounced in Gu\u00e9ra and Red Sokoto\/Maradi. A multi-statistic composite selection scan identified 53 candidate windows. Enrichment highlighted adhesion and translation quality-control themes in the Djallonk\u00e9\/WAD background background, neuronal\/neuroendocrine terms in Gu\u00e9ra, and olfactory transduction in the Sahel\u2013Sudan background. These results define transboundary genomic backgrounds rather than country-bounded \u201cbreeds\u201d and provide background-specific hypotheses that can be validated in resilience-oriented breeding under ongoing mobility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0354294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:29:33Z","timestamp":1785173373000},"page":"e0354294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Population genomics of Nigerian goat breeds and neighbouring populations in the West Africa\u2013Cameroon transboundary livestock corridor"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Oludayo Michael","family":"Akinsola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6726-1262","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olusegun Olaniyi","family":"Adeniyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oladeji","family":"Bamidele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluyinka","family":"Opoola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Oludare","family":"Omoniwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulmojeed","family":"Yakubu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chitra","family":"Ramasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3279-3810","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Malarmathi","family":"Muthusamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aranganoor Kannan","family":"Thiruvenkadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7100-9139","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdulraheem Arome","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0354294.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz5216","article-title":"The origin of domestication genes in goats","volume":"6","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354294.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-018-0422-x","article-title":"Genome-wide SNP profiling of worldwide goat populations reveals strong partitioning of diversity and highlights post-domestication migration routes","volume":"50","author":"L Colli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genet Sel Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354294.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214843","article-title":"Genome-wide diversity and demographic dynamics of Cameroon goats and their divergence from east African, north African, and Asian conspecifics","volume":"14","author":"GM Tarekegn","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0354294.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-018-1934-z","article-title":"The women\u2019s empowerment in livestock index","volume":"142","author":"A Gali\u00e8","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354294.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-024-01452-1","article-title":"Opportunities to improve goat production and food security in Botswana through forage nutrition and the use of supplemental feeds","volume":"16","author":"AS Cooke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"key":"pone.0354294.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2011.03.035","article-title":"Important aspects and limitations in considering community-based breeding programs for low-input smallholder livestock systems","volume":"98","author":"M Wurzinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"key":"pone.0354294.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00461","article-title":"Genetic resources and genomics for adaptation of livestock to climate change","volume":"5","author":"PJ Boettcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"pone.0354294.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511720772","author":"M Mortimore","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adapting to drought: farmers, famines and desertification in West Africa. 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