{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:17:56Z","timestamp":1787768276804,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032892","name":"VinUniversity","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In this paper, we explore Animism\u2014Knowledge of nature spirits, and reciprocal relations among humans and non-humans\u2014as a framework that the Bahnar people of Vietnam use for thinking about and interacting with their forest environment. Our case study is based on extended fieldwork among and consultation with the Bahnar people of the Central Highlands, who weave reciprocity with the spirit world into daily activities such as architecture, foodways, forest wayfinding, gong playing, plant gathering, agriculture, and river navigation. Understanding about the spirit world\u2019s relations to the local environment and people is encoded in the Bahnar language through the lexicon\u2014especially the emic concept\n                    <jats:italic>yang<\/jats:italic>\n                    which denotes spirits or deities\u2014and is transmitted via metaphors, wise sayings, songs, stories, placenames, gong music, and epic tales by people who occupy diverse social roles. We hypothesize that the Bahnar human-spirit-environment cosmology is the primary lens through which they perceive nature and guides their daily interactions with it. We consider how their ancestral cosmology may additionally position the Bahnar as stewards of biodiversity and practitioners of sustainable living.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0354453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:23:22Z","timestamp":1787765002000},"page":"e0354453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Yang, forest animism, and environmental perception among the Bahnar in the Central Highlands of Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6654-6757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ho\u00e0i","family":"Tr\u1ea7n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4002-7668","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"K. David","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ph\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m Huy","family":"Tr\u1ea7n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u01a1n Thanh","family":"Khu\u1ea5t","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0354453.ref001","volume-title":"Proto South Bahnaric: a reconstruction of a Mon-Khmer language of Indo-China","author":"P Sidwell","year":"2000"},{"key":"pone.0354453.ref002","article-title":"Ban ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng (Central Steering Committee for the Population and Housing Census)","volume-title":"K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m 0 gi\u1edd ng\u00e0y 01 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2019 (Results of the population and housing census at 0:00 on April 1, 2019)","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0354453.ref003","volume-title":"D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ba Na \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam [The ethnic group Bahnar in Vietnam]","author":"M\u0110 B\u00f9i","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0354453.ref004","volume-title":"The ethnography of Vietnam\u2019s Central Highlanders: a historical contextualization, 1850\u20131990","author":"O Salemink","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0354453.ref005","volume-title":"Primitive culture","author":"EB Tylor","year":"1871"},{"key":"pone.0354453.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198279419.001.0001","volume-title":"Shamans and Elders: Experience, Knowledge, and Power among the Daur Mongols","author":"C Humphrey","year":"1996"},{"key":"pone.0354453.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198278801.003.0007","article-title":"Chiefly and shamanist landscapes in Mongolia.","volume-title":"The Anthropology of Landscape","author":"C. 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