{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:18:08Z","timestamp":1787854688768,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004455","name":"Rothamsted International","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/X010953\/1; BBS\/E\/RH\/230003A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X010953\/1; BBS\/E\/RH\/230003A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004455","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Preventing weeds from hindering agricultural production often relies on chemical inputs; however, these inputs can be ineffective, increase costs, or harm the environment. Natural products, particularly plant extracts, are being explored as potential sources for developing eco-friendly bioherbicides that replace or reduce the use of chemical herbicides. In this study, we examined to what degree aqueous extract from the allelopathic weed\n Acroptilon repens<\/jats:italic>\n L. (Russian knapweed) was able to influence seed germination and seedling growth metrics\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n . Uniquely, our study compared the impacts of\n A. repens<\/jats:italic>\n extract on three weedy species (\n Sinapis arvensis<\/jats:italic>\n L.,\n Amaranthus retroflexus<\/jats:italic>\n L., and\n Avena fatua<\/jats:italic>\n L.), a multipurpose species (\n Secale cereale<\/jats:italic>\n L.), and two crop species (\n Triticum aestivum<\/jats:italic>\n L., and\n Vicia faba<\/jats:italic>\n L.) in side-by-side comparisons. As expected, a significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009\u2264\u20090.01), linear, and concentration-dependent decline in germination metrics and seedling growth was observed after application of the extract, while mean germination time (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.05) was not changed. Interestingly, the weedy species were affected at lower concentrations compared to the crops. Germination was fully inhibited for\n S. arvensis<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009\u2265\u200940 g L\n -1<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n A. retroflexus<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009\u2265\u200980 g L\n -1<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n A. fatua<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009\u2265\u2009120 g L\n -1<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n T. aestivum<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009\u2265\u2009140 g L\n -1<\/jats:sup>\n , and\n S. cereale<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009\u2265\u2009160 g L\n -1<\/jats:sup>\n of\n A. repens<\/jats:italic>\n extract. These findings are based on\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n assays and do not directly demonstrate allelopathic activity under field or soil conditions. In addition to existing data on the phytotoxic compounds produced by\n A. repens,<\/jats:italic>\n our untargeted GC-MS profiling putatively identified several compounds that warrant further exploration, including phenolic compounds, a sesquiterpene (caryophyllene oxide), and lipid-derived constituents such as fatty acids and sterols. Although comprehensive ecological and agronomic assessments are needed prior to field application and further research is needed to isolate and confirm the bioactivity of these putatively identified secondary metabolites, these data suggest that\n A. repens<\/jats:italic>\n aqueous extract can inhibit germination and early seedling development of problematic weeds more strongly than crops.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0354454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T17:25:05Z","timestamp":1787851505000},"page":"e0354454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Under controlled conditions, lower concentrations of aqueous extracts of Acroptilon repens are needed to inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of weeds than crops"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4216-5340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ahmadnia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Samadi-Kalkhoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6032-6470","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Taghi","family":"Alebrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0543-0408","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dana R.","family":"MacGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0354454.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wheat as a nutritional powerhouse: Shaping global food security","author":"K Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Triticum - The Pillar of Global Food Security"},{"key":"pone.0354454.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2023.108894","article-title":"Faba bean productivity, yield stability and N2-fixation in long-term organic and conventional crop rotations","volume":"295","author":"C De Notaris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354454.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2021.06.006","article-title":"Complementing cultural weed control with plant allelopathy: Implications for improved weed management in wheat crop","volume":"43","author":"H Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Ecologica Sinica"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354454.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14061170","article-title":"Intercropping as a strategy for weed management in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)","volume":"14","author":"\u00c1M Villegas-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"issue":"33","key":"pone.0354454.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8645","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202102379","article-title":"Nanomaterials as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides: An overview","volume":"6","author":"CF Okey\u2010Onyesolu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"pone.0354454.ref006","article-title":"Joint action of herbicides on weeds and their risk assessment on earthworm (Eisenia fetida L.)","author":"M Taghi Alebrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Insights in Herbicide Science. 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