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In this study, we evaluated cognitive inflexibility, as measured by the Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task (PRLT), impulsivity across UPPS-P model and the compulsivity in regular gamblers, buyers, video gamers, consumers of pornography and control group. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the five groups, revealing higher scores across several impulsivity and compulsivity domains in the buyers group compared to the other groups. On the overall measure of cognitive flexibility using the PRLT, buyers performed worse than gamers and pornography users, suggesting a relative disadvantage in adapting to changing reward contingencies even before trial-level learning patterns were examined. To further evaluate patterns of cognitive flexibility across groups, a GLME model was developed. The results showed that phase-group interactions were generally weak, and none of the contrasts related to reversal differed between groups. This indicates that the cost of adapting to contingency reversals was similar across all five groups, with no evidence that any particular group would exhibit greater inflexibility during reversal phases. Finally, the findings show that impulsivity and compulsivity can manifest themselves differently in these activities, which has implications for the development of more personalised intervention strategies that take into account both the nature of the disorder and the specific cognitive deficits involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0354596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:59:42Z","timestamp":1784833182000},"page":"e0354596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive flexibility, impulsivity, and compulsivity in problematic consumption behaviours"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8798-7949","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Jara-Rizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7347-814X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Oleas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-0238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Rodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0354596.ref001","first-page":"100371","article-title":"Global scientific production regarding behavioral addictions: An analysis of the literature from 1995 to 2019","volume":"14","author":"A Sixto-Costoya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354596.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20240092","article-title":"Current Advances in Behavioral Addictions: From Fundamental Research to Clinical Practice","volume":"182","author":"M Brand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0354596.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107410","article-title":"How to pin a compulsive behavior down: A systematic review and conceptual synthesis of compulsivity-sensitive items in measures of behavioral addiction","volume":"134","author":"I Muela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"pone.0354596.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106530","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder and psychosocial well-being: A longitudinal study of older-aged adolescents and emerging adults","volume":"110","author":"Z Teng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"pone.0354596.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185353","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1185353","article-title":"The effects of online game addiction on reduced academic achievement motivation among Chinese college students: the mediating role of learning engagement","volume":"14","author":"R-Q Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0354596.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.1504","article-title":"Impact of addictive behaviors on productivity at work among employees working on an onshore oil field","volume":"64","author":"N Rmadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354596.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2293-2","article-title":"Problem gambling in adolescents: what are the psychological, social and financial consequences?","volume":"19","author":"G Livazovi\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0354596.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.025","article-title":"Learning to lose control: A process-based account of behavioral addiction","volume":"108","author":"JC Perales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0354596.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022","edition":"5"},{"key":"pone.0354596.ref010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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