{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T18:01:59Z","timestamp":1785348119573,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23BTY045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23BTY045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Major Social Science Research Project of Tianjin Municipal Education Commission","award":["2022JWZD57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JWZD57"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Football development depends heavily on strong policy support, rendering policy analysis and evaluation of significant practical importance. This study uses Nvivo11 software and the PMC index model to conduct a quantitative comparative analysis of 31 Sino-Japanese football policy texts, focusing on policy instruments, content characteristics, and overall quality. The findings reveal that both countries prioritize football development, social participation, and club construction; China emphasizes campus football, while Japan focuses on elite player development and league performance. PMC evaluation indicates that Chinese policies score higher in system design and institutional capacity, whereas Japan performs better in implementation clarity and community linkage. Both countries share shortcomings in insufficient policy clarity and vague long-term competitive goals. The research results provide empirical evidence for the optimization of Chinese football policies and a reference for drawing on international experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0354667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:41:59Z","timestamp":1785346919000},"page":"e0354667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The comparative analysis of Sino-Japanese football policies from the perspective of policy instruments"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9323-9648","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chuanmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zanying","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huqiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2960-0825","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0354667.ref001","article-title":"Xi\u2019s meeting with FIFA president","author":"X Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"People\u2019s Daily"},{"key":"pone.0354667.ref002","unstructured":"General Office of the State Council. Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Overall Plan for the Reform and Development of Chinese Football. https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/content\/2015-03\/16\/content_9537.htm 2015. Accessed 2025 August 6."},{"key":"pone.0354667.ref003","unstructured":"Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Notice on Issuing the Medium-and Long-term Development Plan for Chinese Football (2016-2050). https:\/\/www.sport.gov.cn\/n315\/n20001395\/c20046956\/content.html 2016. Accessed 2025 August 6."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354667.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/geer.12051","article-title":"Hooliganism and Demand for Football in Italy: Attendance and Counterviolence Policy Evaluation","volume":"16","author":"M Di Domizio","year":"2015","journal-title":"German Economic Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354667.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.32731\/IJSF.153.082020.01","article-title":"Transfer Policy and Football Club Performance: Evidence from Network Analysis","volume":"15","author":"D Coates","year":"2020","journal-title":"jsf"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354667.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1484366","article-title":"(Unintended) Consequences of initiating an alcohol sales policy at college football stadiums: A case study","volume":"67","author":"AE Barry","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354667.ref007","first-page":"171","article-title":"The financial impact of the financial fair play policy on Spanish football","volume":"12","author":"R Fern\u00e1ndez-Villarino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354667.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/14660970.2023.2247338","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Repressive Policies: Safety and Security Issues in Iranian Football","volume":"25","author":"N Biglari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soccer & Society"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0354667.ref009","first-page":"33","article-title":"Football Population: Explanation of Concept, Misunderstanding of Policy and Innovative Development Ideas","volume":"54","author":"FR Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Wuhan Sports University"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0354667.ref010","first-page":"97","article-title":"Characteristics and optimization suggestions of campus football policies in China: Based on the analysis of policy texts from 2009 to 2019","author":"L Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Culture Guide"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0354667.ref011","first-page":"59","article-title":"Evolution, development logic and the implications of campus football based on policy text analysis","volume":"43","author":"Y Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Beijing Sport University"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0354667.ref012","first-page":"26","article-title":"Research on the key factors affecting school football policy implementation\u2014\u2014based on the DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC method","volume":"43","author":"YG Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Guangzhou Sport University"},{"issue":"06","key":"pone.0354667.ref013","first-page":"683","article-title":"Governance strategy in the grassroots implementation block of campus football policy under the background of sports and education integration in China","volume":"38","author":"L Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Tianjin University of Sport"},{"issue":"05","key":"pone.0354667.ref014","first-page":"21","article-title":"Technological Development and Policy Innovation in Football Technology Innovation","volume":"60","author":"DC Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Sport Science and Technology"},{"key":"pone.0354667.ref015","article-title":"Quantitatively analyzing the college student employment policy in China based on PMC-index model","volume":"19","author":"C Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0354667.ref016","article-title":"Assess the efficacy of China\u2019s Inter-provincial Government Services policy: A quantitative evaluation based on PMC-Index model","volume":"19","author":"R-Q Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354667.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298312","article-title":"Research on quantitative evaluation of digital economy policy in China based on the PMC index model","volume":"19","author":"S Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354667.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3102\/01623737009002133","article-title":"Getting the Job Done: Alternative Policy Instruments","volume":"9","author":"LM McDonnell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354667.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpolmod.2011.02.003","article-title":"Policy modeling: Definition, classification and evaluation","volume":"33","author":"MA Ruiz Estrada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Policy Modeling"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0354667.ref020","first-page":"116","article-title":"A Qualitative Study of China\u2019s ESG Policy Texts: NVivo Analysis Based on Policy Tool Perspective","volume":"45","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Finance and Accounting Monthly"},{"key":"pone.0354667.ref021","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Mass Media Research: An Introduction","author":"RD Wimmer","year":"2013"},{"issue":"08","key":"pone.0354667.ref022","first-page":"13","article-title":"Research on Chinese Data Security Policy Evaluation Based on PMC Index Model","volume":"44","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Modern Information"},{"key":"pone.0354667.ref023","article-title":"Fully implement the party\u2019s education policy and strive to improve basic education in China","author":"XG Huo","year":"2016","journal-title":"People\u2019s Daily"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354667.ref024","first-page":"63","article-title":"Choice and optimization of school physical education policy tools in China since reform and opening-up","volume":"42","author":"L Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Beijing Sport University"},{"key":"pone.0354667.ref025","volume-title":"Social and Behavioral Science Research: Qualitative Research Methods","author":"HY Zhai","year":"2013"},{"issue":"06","key":"pone.0354667.ref026","first-page":"689","article-title":"Empirical study on the quality assessment of adolescent sports health promotion policies under the Healthy China Strategy","volume":"39","author":"JX Xuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Tianjin University of Sport"},{"key":"pone.0354667.ref027","first-page":"37","article-title":"Policy cycles of national intellectual property strategy","volume":"01","author":"SW Mei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intellectual Property"},{"issue":"09","key":"pone.0354667.ref028","first-page":"147","article-title":"B2G data sharing from the perspective of policy design: EU practice and policy insights","volume":"40","author":"Y Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chinese Public Administration"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0354667.ref029","first-page":"127","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of innovation policies of the State Council\u2014\u2014based on the PMC-index model","volume":"34","author":"YA Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science & Technology Progress and Policy"},{"issue":"01","key":"pone.0354667.ref030","first-page":"9","article-title":"Study on the evolution of policy attention to county-level medical communities at the provincial level in China","volume":"29","author":"H Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chinese Hospitals"},{"issue":"06","key":"pone.0354667.ref031","first-page":"81","article-title":"Policy text analysis and quantitative evaluation of China\u2019s Wushu policies from the perspective of policy tools","volume":"47","author":"WY Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Beijing Sport University"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354667.ref032","first-page":"185","article-title":"Beyond the ceteris paribus assumption: modeling demand and supply assuming omnia mobilis","volume":"2008","author":"MA Ruiz Estrada","journal-title":"Social Science Electronic Publishing"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0354667.ref033","first-page":"45","article-title":"Research on quantitative valuation and optimization of community burden reductive policies based on PMC model","volume":"24","author":"YC Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Shandong Agricultural University (Social Science Edition)"},{"issue":"06","key":"pone.0354667.ref034","first-page":"121","article-title":"The course of development and inspirations from football school youth training in Japan","volume":"25","author":"SL Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0354667","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:42:08Z","timestamp":1785346928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0354667"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0354667","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]}}}