{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T18:01:41Z","timestamp":1785261701098,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences at the National Science Foundation","award":["BCS 1749507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS 1749507"]}]},{"name":"Reality Labs Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Social communication often involves competing talkers and, thus, gives rise to the multisensory cocktail party problem (MCPP). To solve the MCPP, perceivers must bind, integrate, and segregate each talker\u2019s auditory (A) and visual (V) speech streams. Audiovisual (AV) temporal synchrony is a known and powerful multisensory segregation cue and facial and vocal identity cues are known to facilitate segregation. Using eye tracking, we investigated whether perceptual segregation of multiple talking faces depends on the configural talking-face template (Experiment 1) and whether facial, vocal, and linguistic identity cues associated with different talkers can facilitate perceptual segregation (Experiment 2). Results indicated (a) that AV synchrony-based perceptual segregation of multiple talking faces does not depend on the configural talking-face template, (b) that linguistic identity cues facilitated synchrony-based segregation of upright talking faces independently of facial and vocal identity cues, (c) that perceptual segregation was driven primarily by AV speech processing as evidenced by greater selective attention to the talkers\u2019 mouth, and (d) that, as evidenced by pupillary dilation, the type and number of AV congruence cues that had to be processed for successful segregation was associated with differential cognitive effort. Overall, these findings add to existing evidence indicating that adults\u2019 solution of the MCPP relies on AV temporal synchrony cues and on facial, vocal, and linguistic identity congruence cues but not on the canonical configural talking-face template.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0354673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:36:00Z","timestamp":1785260160000},"page":"e0354673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The multisensory cocktail party problem in adults: The effects of the configural talking-face template and of facial, vocal, and linguistic identity cues on its solution"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6685-3178","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David J.","family":"Lewkowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0662-0358","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia","family":"McClellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0354673.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104743","article-title":"The multisensory cocktail party problem in adults: Perceptual segregation of talking faces on the basis of audiovisual temporal synchrony","volume":"214","author":"DJ Lewkowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2022.105226","article-title":"The multisensory cocktail party problem in children: Synchrony-based segregation of multiple talking faces improves in early childhood","volume":"228","author":"DJ Lewkowicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0354673.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.05.003","article-title":"Multisensory Processes: A Balancing Act across the Lifespan","volume":"39","author":"MM Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354673.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.2.281","article-title":"The development of intersensory temporal perception: an epigenetic systems\/limitations view","volume":"126","author":"DJ Lewkowicz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354673.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.72.4.871","article-title":"Perception of intersensory synchrony: a tutorial review","volume":"72","author":"J Vroomen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.005","article-title":"The construct of the multisensory temporal binding window and its dysregulation in developmental disabilities","volume":"64","author":"MT Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354673.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.2.260","article-title":"The development of infant intersensory perception: advantages of a comparative convergent-operations approach","volume":"126","author":"R Lickliter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354673.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.3.437","article-title":"Infants\u2019 perception of expressive behaviors: differentiation of multimodal information","volume":"121","author":"AS Walker-Andrews","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/11494-000","volume-title":"The origins of intelligence in children","author":"J Piaget","year":"1952"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354673.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-6383(92)80002-C","article-title":"Infants\u2019 response to temporally based intersensory equivalence: The effect of synchronous sounds on visual preferences for moving stimuli","volume":"15","author":"DJ Lewkowicz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infant Behavior and Development"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199586059.001.0001","volume-title":"Multisensory Development","author":"AJ Bremner","year":"2012"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0354673.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.04.012","article-title":"Development and experience-dependence of multisensory spatial processing","volume":"27","author":"P Bruns","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354673.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.22.5.1094","article-title":"Perception of auditory-visual temporal synchrony in human infants","volume":"22","author":"DJ Lewkowicz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1037\/h0039516","article-title":"Reaction time as a measure of intersensory facilitation","volume":"63","author":"M HERSHENSON","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354673.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.11.041","article-title":"Binding of sights and sounds: age-related changes in multisensory temporal processing","volume":"49","author":"AR Hillock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354673.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12142","article-title":"The audiovisual temporal binding window narrows in early childhood","volume":"85","author":"DJ Lewkowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354673.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3507-3","article-title":"Multisensory temporal integration: task and stimulus dependencies","volume":"227","author":"RA Stevenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354673.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.23.2.388","article-title":"Seeing and hearing rotated faces: influences of facial orientation on visual and audiovisual speech recognition","volume":"23","author":"TR Jordan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.247","article-title":"The origins of face perception: specific versus non\u2010specific mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"F Simion","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infant and Child Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354673.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327078in0602_8","article-title":"Evidence of the Face Inversion Effect in 4-Month-Old Infants","volume":"6","author":"C Turati","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354673.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114783109","article-title":"Infants deploy selective attention to the mouth of a talking face when learning speech","volume":"109","author":"DJ Lewkowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354673.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614568320","article-title":"Bilingualism modulates infants\u2019 selective attention to the mouth of a talking face","volume":"26","author":"F Pons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354673.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12381","article-title":"Selective attention to a talker\u2019s mouth in infancy: role of audiovisual temporal synchrony and linguistic experience","volume":"20","author":"A Hillairet de Boisferon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2018.12.003","article-title":"Twelve-month-old infants\u2019 attention to the eyes of a talking face is associated with communication and social skills","volume":"54","author":"F Pons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354673.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(79)90021-5","article-title":"Lip reading in infants: attention to speech presented in- and out-of-synchrony","volume":"11","author":"B Dodd","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0354673.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13595","article-title":"Attention to audiovisual speech does not facilitate language acquisition in infants with familial history of autism","volume":"63","author":"K Chawarska","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354673.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12489","article-title":"Violation of non\u2010adjacent rule dependencies elicits greater attention to a talker\u2019s mouth in 15\u2010month\u2010old infants","volume":"27","author":"J Birul\u00e9s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354673.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1918","article-title":"Sensitivity to audio-visual synchrony and its relation to language abilities in children with and without ASD","volume":"11","author":"G Righi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1288668","article-title":"The use of visible speech cues for improving auditory detection of spoken sentences","volume":"108","author":"KW Grant","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354673.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3109\/03005368709077786","article-title":"Quantifying the contribution of vision to speech perception in noise","volume":"21","author":"A MacLeod","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Audiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354673.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907309","article-title":"Visual Contribution to Speech Intelligibility in Noise","volume":"26","author":"WH Sumby","year":"1954","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354673.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12755","article-title":"Inside bilingualism: Language background modulates selective attention to a talker\u2019s mouth","volume":"22","author":"J Birul\u00e9s","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354673.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001659","article-title":"Time course of attention to a talker\u2019s mouth in monolingual and close-language bilingual children","volume":"60","author":"J Birul\u00e9s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354673.ref034","article-title":"Auditory noise increases the allocation of attention to the mouth, and the eyes pay the price: An eye-tracking study","volume":"13","author":"ME Kr\u00f3l","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.11.013","article-title":"Language familiarity modulates relative attention to the eyes and mouth of a talker","volume":"147","author":"E Barenholtz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"1273","key":"pone.0354673.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1992.0009","article-title":"Lipreading and audio-visual speech perception","volume":"335","author":"Q Summerfield","year":"1992","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354673.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211929","article-title":"Eye movement of perceivers during audiovisual speech perception","volume":"60","author":"E Vatikiotis-Bateson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref038","first-page":"1","article-title":"Highly proficient L2 speakers still need to attend to a talker\u2019s mouth when processing L2 speech","author":"J Birul\u00e9s","year":"2020","journal-title":"Language, Cognition and Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2023.105676","article-title":"Robust holistic face processing in early childhood during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"232","author":"TS Yates","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02747.x","article-title":"Upside-down faces: a review of the effect of inversion upon face recognition","author":"T Valentine","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354673.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80690-X","article-title":"The effect of face inversion on activity in human neural systems for face and object perception","volume":"22","author":"JV Haxby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354673.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027474","article-title":"Looking at upside-down faces","volume":"81","author":"RK Yin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1121\/1.408802","article-title":"The influence of an inverted face on the McGurk effect","volume":"95","author":"KP Green","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354673.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.26.2.806","article-title":"Face and mouth inversion effects on visual and audiovisual speech perception","volume":"26","author":"LD Rosenblum","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0354673.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206832","article-title":"Perceiving speech from inverted faces","volume":"58","author":"DW Massaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0354673.ref046","first-page":"1709","article-title":"\u201cPutting the face to the voice\u201d: matching identity across modality","volume":"13","author":"M Kamachi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354673.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326969eco1603_1","article-title":"Crossmodal Source Identification in Speech Perception","volume":"16","author":"L Lachs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354673.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.30.2.378","article-title":"Cross-modal source information and spoken word recognition","volume":"30","author":"L Lachs","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0354673.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6747","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710826105","article-title":"Simulation of talking faces in the human brain improves auditory speech recognition","volume":"105","author":"K von Kriegstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0354673.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.06.040","article-title":"Multisensory context portends object memory","volume":"24","author":"A Thelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.02.003","article-title":"Single-trial multisensory memories affect later auditory and visual object discrimination","volume":"138","author":"A Thelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354673.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2331","article-title":"Multisensory integration: current issues from the perspective of the single neuron","volume":"9","author":"BE Stein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5406","key":"pone.0354673.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5406.1272","article-title":"Communication goes multimodal","volume":"283","author":"S Partan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354673.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1999.1242","article-title":"Receiver psychology and the evolution of multicomponent signals","volume":"58","author":"C Rowe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000259969","article-title":"Use of visual information for phonetic perception","volume":"36","author":"Q Summerfield","year":"1979","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref056","volume-title":"The merging of the senses","author":"BE Stein","year":"1993"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354673.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.34.5.1053","article-title":"Pip and pop: nonspatial auditory signals improve spatial visual search","volume":"34","author":"E Van der Burg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354673.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.06.046","article-title":"Look who\u2019s talking: the deployment of visuo-spatial attention during multisensory speech processing under noisy environmental conditions","volume":"43","author":"D Senkowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354673.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.044","article-title":"Multisensory integration: flexible use of general operations","volume":"81","author":"N van Atteveldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0354673.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.07.006","article-title":"Benefits of multisensory learning","volume":"12","author":"L Shams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354673.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.72.6.1654","article-title":"Auditory, tactile, and multisensory cues facilitate search for dynamic visual stimuli","volume":"72","author":"MK Ngo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.008","article-title":"Rhythmicity and cross-modal temporal cues facilitate detection","volume":"63","author":"S ten Oever","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354673.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/8.5.2","article-title":"Audiovisual events capture attention: evidence from temporal order judgments","volume":"8","author":"E Van der Burg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354673.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.068","article-title":"Early multisensory interactions affect the competition among multiple visual objects","volume":"55","author":"E Van der Burg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00386","article-title":"The Dynamics of Attention Shifts Among Concurrent Speech in a Naturalistic Multi-speaker Virtual Environment","volume":"13","author":"K Shavit-Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354673.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3675-12.2013","article-title":"Visual input enhances selective speech envelope tracking in auditory cortex at a \u201ccocktail party\u201d","volume":"33","author":"E Zion Golumbic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0354673.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/12.13.3","article-title":"Do the eyes really have it? Dynamic allocation of attention when viewing moving faces","volume":"12","author":"ML-H V\u00f5","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0354673.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-018-1432-y","article-title":"Pupil dilation as an index of effort in cognitive control tasks: A review","volume":"25","author":"P van der Wel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"pone.0354673.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2020.104092","article-title":"Best practice guidance for linear mixed-effects models in psychological science","volume":"112","author":"L Meteyard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0354673.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14256","article-title":"Give me a break! Unavoidable fatigue effects in cognitive pupillometry","volume":"60","author":"DJ McLaughlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354673.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.22.2.318","article-title":"An audiovisual test of kinematic primitives for visual speech perception","volume":"22","author":"LD Rosenblum","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354673.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910601043644","article-title":"Spatial statistics of gaze fixations during dynamic face processing","volume":"2","author":"JN Buchan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0354673","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:36:11Z","timestamp":1785260171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0354673"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Morett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0354673","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}}}