{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:48:20Z","timestamp":1785523700239,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seepage-erosion-induced water inrush in karst cavities is a typical form of water-inrush disaster in karst tunnels. It is governed not only by the spatial distribution of karst cavities and hydraulic recharge conditions, but also by the particle-size gradation and composition of the cavity fill. During seepage erosion, fill particles are progressively transported by flowing water, which may trigger a sudden water-inrush catastrophe. To reveal the catastrophe mechanism and establish early-warning indicators, this study employs the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method to simulate the evolution of seepage-erosion-induced water inrush under different particle-size gradations, cavity confining stresses, and seepage velocities. The inflection point of the cumulative particle loss rate is used as an indicator of catastrophic transition. The relationships among particle-size gradation, confining stress, seepage velocity, and particle loss rate at the transition point are then analyzed to determine early-warning thresholds. The results show that fill-particle loss is positively correlated with both seepage velocity and confining stress. When the content of fine particles, such as rock cuttings and fine sand, exceeds 60%, the inflection point corresponds to a seepage velocity of 1.6 m\/s and a confining stress of 2.6 MPa, with an early-warning particle-loss range of 8%\u221215%. When the content of coarse particles, such as coarse sand and gravel, exceeds 40%, the inflection point corresponds to a seepage velocity of 3.0 m\/s and a confining stress of 4.5 MPa, with an early-warning particle-loss threshold of approximately 45%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0354695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:27:20Z","timestamp":1785518840000},"page":"e0354695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Catastrophe mechanism and early warning indicators of seepage erosion-induced water inrush in karst cavities"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jiejun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9861-057X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaqing","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0354695.ref001","first-page":"1945","article-title":"Challenges faced by underground projects construction safety and 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