{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T18:27:55Z","timestamp":1786472875372,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017047","name":"Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5t Th\u00e0nh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026.01.250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026.01.250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diffusion bonding has been widely investigated for dissimilar metal systems such as aluminum\u2013steel and aluminum\u2013titanium joints. However, systematic studies on the hot-press bonding of similar aluminum sheet joints under controlled processing conditions remain relatively limited. Furthermore, although aluminum\u2013steel bonding has been extensively studied, research on Al\u2013Fe\u2013Al laminated structures, in which steel serves as a load-bearing core and aluminum acts as a protective outer layer, is still scarce. In particular, limited attention has been given to the simultaneous optimization of bonding conditions for both Al\u2013Al and Al\u2013Fe\u2013Al structures within the same experimental framework. In addition, the bonding strength of diffusion-bonded laminated structures is strongly influenced by multiple processing parameters, yet the combined effects of these parameters have not been systematically optimized for dual-material laminated systems. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the hot-press bonding process of Al\u2013Al and Al\u2013Fe\u2013Al stacked structures and to optimize the processing parameters to achieve improved tensile performance. In this work, the effects of pressing temperature, pressing force, holding time, cooling rate, and heating power on the bonding quality were investigated using a Box\u2013Behnken Design. The tensile strength of Al\u2013Al and Al\u2013Fe\u2013Al structures was selected as the primary response for evaluating the bonding performance. Response Surface Methodology was used to develop predictive models describing the relationship between the processing parameters and the tensile strength responses. Subsequently, multi-objective optimization using the NSGA-II algorithm was applied to determine the optimal processing conditions for maximizing the tensile strength of both bonded material systems simultaneously. The results demonstrate that the developed models can effectively describe the process\u2013property relationships and identify a set of optimal hot-pressing parameters for improving the tensile strength of the bonded structures. Scanning electron microscopy was used as a supporting method to qualitatively examine the interfacial morphology and fracture features after bonding and tensile testing. The findings provide a process-oriented optimization framework for improving the mechanical performance of aluminum-based laminated structures and offer practical guidance for selecting hot-press bonding conditions for Al\u2013Al and Al\u2013Fe\u2013Al systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0354878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T17:28:30Z","timestamp":1786469310000},"page":"e0354878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of process parameters for enhancing the tensile strength of diffusion-bonded Al\u2013Al and Al\u2013Fe\u2013Al laminated structures"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"An-Le","family":"Van","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3472-0669","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nguyen Truong","family":"Sinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bui Chan","family":"Thanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tran Minh The","family":"Uyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8236-2202","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pham","family":"Son Minh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0354878.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.09.274","article-title":"Development and applications of aluminum alloys for aerospace industry","volume":"27","author":"S Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Mater Res Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354878.ref002","article-title":"Assessment of Aluminum Alloy Sustainability- A Review of Its Application","volume":"7","author":"AE Adeolu-Idowu","year":"2025","journal-title":"NIPES Special Issues"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.101090","article-title":"Mechanical and physical properties of aluminum and its alloys for electrical conductors: A review","volume":"9","author":"P Parvizi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354878.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2020.05.013","article-title":"Application and use of different aluminium alloys with respect to workability, strength and welding parameter optimization","volume":"12","author":"D Varshney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0354878.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16082972","article-title":"Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum Alloys-A Review","volume":"16","author":"A Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354878.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341127","article-title":"Synergistic enhancement of Al-Si7Mg alloy: Strengthening mechanical properties through combined electromagnetic agitation and AL-10%Ti refinement","volume":"21","author":"G Shaikshavali","year":"2026","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2025.12.218","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of Al-based metal matrix composites: A review with bibliometric perspective on biomedical applications","volume":"40","author":"H Sharma","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Mater Res Technol"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-10277-1","article-title":"A state-of-the-art review on mechanical characteristics of different fiber metal laminates for aerospace and structural applications","volume":"123","author":"HE Etri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354878.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3615(98)00122-5","article-title":"Lamination of metal sheets","volume":"39","author":"T Himmer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comput Indust"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354878.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/met10010004","article-title":"The Deformation Characteristics, Fracture Behavior and Strengthening-Toughening Mechanisms of Laminated Metal Composites: A Review","volume":"10","author":"K Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metals"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354878.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201800286","article-title":"High Lightweight Potential of Ultrafine\u2010Grained Aluminum\/Steel Laminated Metal Composites Produced by Accumulative Roll Bonding","volume":"21","author":"F K\u00fcmmel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Eng Mater"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4028\/b-9zJI2n","article-title":"Progress of laminated materials and clad steels production","author":"L Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater Sci Forum"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102866","article-title":"Laminated steel\/aluminum composites: Improvement of mechanical properties by annealing treatment","volume":"29","author":"A Amanollahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Today Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354878.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s43452-021-00355-8","article-title":"Fracture toughness, wear, and microstructure properties of aluminum\/titanium\/steel multi-laminated composites produced by cross-accumulative roll-bonding process","volume":"22","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archiv Civ Mech Eng"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2025.110434","article-title":"Dual-metallic (steel-aluminum) hybrid reinforcements in FRP laminates: insights into strength, damage resistance, and energy absorption for functional applications","volume":"185","author":"IMR Najjar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eng Fail Analy"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0354878.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6148","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-024-09517-0","article-title":"Study on the Influence of Prefabricated Aluminum Layer Technology on the Properties of Corrugated Interface Steel\/Aluminum\/Aluminum Alloy Composite Panel","volume":"34","author":"W Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mater Eng Perform"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354878.ref017","article-title":"Effect of reduction rate on microstructure and properties of laminated steel\/aluminium low density composites prepared by hot pressing","volume":"39","author":"B Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0354878.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1177\/0954405413484015","article-title":"Aluminium alloys welding processes: Challenges, joint types and process selection","volume":"227","author":"M Olabode","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng B: J Eng Manuf"},{"issue":"46","key":"pone.0354878.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5935\/jetia.v10i46.1080","article-title":"Progress in the welding of AL alloy thin sheet and future prospectus for automobile","volume":"40","author":"S Doshia","year":"2024","journal-title":"ITEGAM"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref020","volume-title":"The surface state and weldability of aluminium alloys","author":"T R nnhult","year":"1980"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354878.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/13621718.2023.2165603","article-title":"Effect of surface oxide layers in solid-state welding of aluminium alloys \u2013 review","volume":"28","author":"D Labus Zlatanovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Technol Weld Join"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.01.183","article-title":"Difficulties and redressal in joining of aluminium alloys by GMA and GTA welding: a review","volume":"23","author":"RP Verma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Mater Res Technol"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3674-7_1","article-title":"Diffusion Bonding \u2014 An Overview","volume-title":"Diffusion Bonding 2","author":"SB Dunkerton","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref024","volume-title":"Diffusion bonding of materials","author":"NF Kazakov","year":"2013"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0354878.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1179\/mst.1987.3.11.945","article-title":"Modelling of diffusion bonding of metals","volume":"3","author":"Z Guo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mater Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354878.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/0954405413498584","article-title":"Preliminary study of improving the speed and cost of diffusion bonding of metal sheets","volume":"228","author":"PJ Spence","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng B: J Eng Manuf"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2021.111607","article-title":"Vacuum diffusion bonding of \u03b1\u2011titanium alloy to stainless steel for aerospace applications: Interfacial microstructure and mechanical characteristics","volume":"183","author":"RR Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Character"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref028","first-page":"320","volume-title":"Diffusion bonding of metal alloys in aerospace and other applications. Welding and joining of aerospace materials","author":"H-S Lee","year":"2012"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0354878.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.3390\/met11091344","article-title":"Roll Bonding Processes: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives","volume":"11","author":"HA Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metals"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0354878.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst12101413","article-title":"Free Intermetallic Cladding Interface between Aluminum and Steel through Friction Stir Processing","volume":"12","author":"ERI Mahmoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2022.117721","article-title":"Amorphous interfacial microstructure and high bonding strength in Al-Fe bimetallic components enabled by a large-area solid-state additive manufacturing technique","volume":"308","author":"FC Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mater Process Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0354878.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5508","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-025-07987-y","article-title":"Interfacial Bonding Mechanism of Al\u2013Fe Dissimilar AFSD Cladding Components","volume":"56","author":"Q Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metall Mater Trans A"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354878.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13051103","article-title":"Diffusion Bonding of 1420 Al-Li Alloy Assisted by Pure Aluminum Foil as Interlayer","volume":"13","author":"F Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0354878.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11081446","article-title":"Effect of Alloying Elements Gradient on Solid-State Diffusion Bonding between Aerospace Aluminum Alloys","volume":"11","author":"F Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-014-5650-9","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of diffusion bonding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of 7075 aluminium alloy","volume":"71","author":"N Kurgan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354878.ref036","first-page":"4659","article-title":"Advancements in diffusion bonding of aluminium and its alloys: a comprehensive review of similar and dissimilar joints","volume":"8","author":"B Lathashankar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Mater Process Technol"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.08.011","article-title":"A study on the hot roll bonding of aluminum alloys","volume":"50","author":"T Zinong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2022.111997","article-title":"Interface microstructure evolution and bonding mechanism during vacuum hot pressing bonding of 2A12 aluminum alloy","volume":"189","author":"D Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Charact"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354878.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5614\/j.eng.technol.sci.2020.52.2.4","article-title":"Atomistic Investigation on the Role of Temperature and Pressure in Diffusion Welding of Al-Ni","volume":"52","author":"M Zaenudin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eng Technol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354878.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-019-1103-3","article-title":"Effect of bonding pressure on microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium\/copper diffusion-bonded joint","volume":"44","author":"M Elsa","year":"2019","journal-title":"S\u0101dhan\u0101"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354878.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(02)00570-0","article-title":"Microstructure characteristics in the interface zone of Ti\/Al diffusion bonding","volume":"56","author":"R Jiangwei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354878.ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review on mechanical joining of aluminium and high strength steel sheets by plastic deformation","volume":"1","author":"K Mori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Lightweight Mater Manuf"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101552","article-title":"Mechanical properties of steel-aluminum multi-materials using a structural adhesive","volume":"25","author":"D-W Ha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater Today Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0354878.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3390\/met9030315","article-title":"Review of Aluminum-To-Steel Welding Technologies for Car-Body Applications","volume":"9","author":"A Gullino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metals"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354878.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3390\/met13020334","article-title":"The Al-Fe Intermetallic Compounds and the Atomic Diffusion Behavior at the Interface of Aluminum-Steel Welded Joint","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2018.11.076","article-title":"Intereaction and intermetallic phase formation between aluminum and stainless steel","volume":"12","author":"B Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Results Phys"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.73944","article-title":"Structural and Mechanical Behaviour of Al-Fe","volume-title":"Intermetallic Compounds: Formation and Applications","author":"MIR Basariya","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2018.07.341","article-title":"DFT calculations based insight into bonding character and strength of Fe2Al5 and Fe4Al13 intermetallics at Al-Fe joints","volume":"15","author":"MZ Khalid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref049","unstructured":"Gao K, Wang Z, Hu X, Liu H, Nie Z. Effect of Intermetallic Compounds on Interfacial Bonding of Al\/Fe Composites."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0354878.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8070824","article-title":"Diffusion Bonding of Al\u2013Fe Enhanced by Gallium","volume":"8","author":"A Ismail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.107906","article-title":"Enhanced bonding strength of Al\/Fe bimetal by Ni-based alloys Ni-based interlayer prepared by laser cladding technique","volume":"38","author":"K Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater Today Commun"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref052","first-page":"107054","volume-title":"Optimization of friction stir welding parameters for dissimilar aluminium alloys using RSM-GRA and RSM-TOPSIS: Towards sustainable manufacturing in industry 4.0. Results in Engineering","author":"S Vijayakumar","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2025.120114","article-title":"Multiobjective optimization of RMD welding parameters for ASTM A387 steel using Taguchi method and artificial neural networks","volume":"262","author":"D Bandhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0354878.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-023-01473-8","article-title":"Predicting the thermal performance of screen mesh wick heat pipe with alumina nanofluids using response surface methodology","volume":"18","author":"P Lakshmi Reddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Interact Des Manuf"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2024.06.079","article-title":"Optimizing wire electrical discharge machining performance of Inconel 625 with genetic algorithms & particle swarm optimization","volume":"31","author":"BDY Sunil","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mater Res Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0354878.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41113-1","article-title":"Data-driven machine learning modelling in wire EDM of TiNiCo shape memory alloy","volume":"16","author":"R Tyagi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref057","volume-title":"Design and analysis of experiments","author":"DC Montgomery","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0354878.ref058","article-title":"Mechanical Testing of Metals","volume":"14","author":"DO Samples","journal-title":"Dimensions"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0354878.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1960.10489912","article-title":"Some New Three Level Designs for the Study of Quantitative Variables","volume":"2","author":"GEP Box","year":"1960","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0354878.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","article-title":"A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II","volume":"6","author":"K Deb","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Evolut Computat"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0354878","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T17:28:42Z","timestamp":1786469322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0354878"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Din","family":"Bandhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0354878","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}}}