{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:50:25Z","timestamp":1792788625790,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Israel Science Foundation","award":["1591\/265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1591\/265"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04sazxf24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The University of Haifa","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f009v59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The University of Haifa","award":["N\/A (Salary)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A (Salary)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f009v59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The University of Haifa","award":["N\/A (Salary)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A (Salary)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f009v59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The University of Haifa","award":["N\/A (Salary)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A (Salary)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f009v59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Iron Age industrial complexes in the Southern Levant are frequently perceived as static, mono-functional spaces. This study challenges such perceptions by reconstructing the dynamic life history of the 8\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    -century BCE level of the industrial compound at Tel Shiqmona, the largest known Iron Age purple-dye factory in the Mediterranean and a state-controlled economic asset of the Kingdom of Israel. We conducted a high-resolution investigation of the site\u2019s industrial complexity using micro-geoarchaeological methods, including FTIR spectroscopy, sediment micromorphology, and quantification of micro-remains. The results demonstrate that these spaces were used for a diverse, non-simultaneous range of activities, and they support a model in which this use was structured by the seasonal cycle: olive pressing in late autumn, livestock sheltering in winter, and textile production in spring. Purple-dye production was most probably integrated into this cycle during complementary temporal windows. Additionally, the sequences show evidence of periodic floor management, where wood ash was used as a neutralizing agent to maintain the industrial space between seasonal shifts. We argue that this documented multi-functionality was a manifestation of the sophisticated management and optimization of the kingdom\u2019s economic assets. Ultimately, these findings reveal that the economy of the Kingdom of Israel relied on advanced space-time management, where high-prestige industries and agricultural needs were interwoven into a singular, highly efficient economic machine. More broadly, these findings highlight a systematic interpretive distortion: the archaeological characterization of industrial spaces tends to privilege their most visible activity, even when that activity was constrained to a narrow seasonal window. The operational logic of ancient economic spaces \u2014 how they were managed, repurposed, and sustained across the full annual cycle \u2014 is recoverable only through high-resolution archaeological analysis in which micro-geoarchaeological methods provide a critical additional layer of resolution that conventional macroscopic analysis alone cannot supply.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0355104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:40:23Z","timestamp":1790271623000},"page":"e0355104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seasonal and multi-functional use of industrial space at Iron Age Tel Shiqmona, Israel"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7793-6147","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isaac","family":"Ogloblin Ramirez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Algarve","place":["Faro, Portugal"],"department":["Interdisciplinary Centre for Archaeology and the Evolution of Human Behaviour"]},{"name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","place":["New Jersey, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Anthropology, Anthropology Laboratory of MicroArchaeology (ALMA)"]},{"name":"The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies","place":["Israel"],"department":["Department of Maritime Civilizations"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Golan","family":"Shalvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zinman Institute of Archaeology, School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures","place":["Haifa, Israel"],"department":["Faculty of Humanities"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Pinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zinman Institute of Archaeology, School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures","place":["Haifa, Israel"],"department":["Faculty of Humanities"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies","place":["Israel"],"department":["Department of Maritime Civilizations"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6013-295X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roni","family":"Zuckerman-Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies","place":["Israel"],"department":["Department of Maritime Civilizations"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayelet","family":"Gilboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zinman Institute of Archaeology, School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures","place":["Haifa, Israel"],"department":["Faculty of Humanities"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Friesem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies","place":["Israel"],"department":["Department of Maritime Civilizations"]},{"name":"University of Cambridge","place":["United Kingdom"],"department":["Department of Archaeology"]},{"name":"Haifa Center for Mediterranean History, University of Haifa","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0355104.ref001","author":"A Faust","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0355104.ref002","unstructured":"Finkelstein I. 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