{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T18:30:16Z","timestamp":1788201016936,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research explores the concept of \u201carchitectural breakthrough \u201c as an intellectual and design phenomenon capable of transcending traditional patterns and redefining the relationship between form, function, and meaning in contemporary Iraqi architecture. This research aims to construct a clear theoretical framework that explains the mechanisms of architectural breakthrough and its role in generating innovation and strengthening spatial identity within post-2003 Iraqi contexts. The research employs a qualitative, analytical, and comparative approach, integrating field observation, document analysis, and semi-structured interviews, which were systematically analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis supported by NVivo 14 software, across three key case studies representing models of Iraqi architecture after 2003: the General Secretariat of the Council of Ministers building, the Chinese schools in Iraq, and the Central Bank of Iraq building. The findings demonstrate that architectural breakthrough is not limited to form but also encompasses cultural and social dimensions, serving as a means of reproducing identity by integrating technology and modernity with local values. Based on the empirical results, the research proposes a theoretical framework that links breakthrough, innovation, and transformation as mechanisms for revitalizing Iraqi architecture within a global context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0355155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T17:47:46Z","timestamp":1788198466000},"page":"e0355155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Breakthrough in architecture\u2014Contemporary Iraqi architecture case study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2536-1123","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fawzia Irhayyim","family":"Al-Assadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamah 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