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Traditional battery-powered methods are limited by endurance and operational duration, failing to meet the requirements for long-term and continuous operation. As an innovative energy transmission approach, underwater acoustic wireless charging technology leverages the propagation characteristics of sound waves in water to provide a non-contact, long-distance wireless charging solution. This paper investigates key technologies in underwater acoustic wireless charging, including the design and fabrication of high-power, highly directional transducer arrays for transmission and reception. To address the energy needs of underwater vehicles for prolonged continuous operation, this study proposes a prototype development plan for a long-distance underwater acoustic wireless charging system and conducts relevant validation tests in a anechoic tank environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0355236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T17:24:06Z","timestamp":1787246646000},"page":"e0355236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and experimental validation of a composite rod underwater acoustic wireless charging system"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sichen","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3580-0815","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiquan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355236.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2019.2953015","article-title":"Review of Wireless Charging Systems for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles","volume":"46","author":"CR Teeneti","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J Oceanic Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0355236.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2014.2346737","article-title":"Design and Loss Analysis of Loosely Coupled Transformer for an Underwater High-Power Inductive Power Transfer System","volume":"51","author":"Cheng Zhiyuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Magn"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0355236.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-020-05168-y","article-title":"Design of wireless power transfer system for autonomous underwater vehicles considering seawater eddy current loss","volume":"27","author":"Z Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsyst Technol"},{"key":"pone.0355236.ref004","first-page":"177","volume-title":"IEEE\/OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicles(AUV)","author":"S Yoshida","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0355236.ref005","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Simulation and experimental evaluation of a resonant magnetic wireless power transfer system for seawater operation[C]\/\/OCEANS 2016-Shanghai","author":"LM Pessoa","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0355236.ref006","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Assessment of design trade-offs for wireless power transfer on seawater[C]\/\/OCEANS 2016 MTS\/IEEE","author":"HM Santos","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0355236.ref007","first-page":"90","volume-title":"WPT system in seawater for AUVs with kW-class power, high positional freedom, and high efficiency inside the transfer coils[C]\/\/2022 Wireless Power Week (WPW)","author":"R Hasaba","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0355236.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s12555-019-0548-9","article-title":"Analysis of Electromagnetic Waves Attenuation for Underwater Localization in Structured Environments","volume":"18","author":"D Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Control Autom Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0355236.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2015.2509466","article-title":"Underwater 3-D Spatial Attenuation Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves With Omnidirectional Antenna","volume":"21","author":"K Kwak","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans Mechatron"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0355236.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1007\/s00773-018-0595-6","article-title":"A non-contact docking system for charging and recovering autonomous underwater vehicle","volume":"24","author":"R Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mar Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0355236.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2020.102180","article-title":"Docking assessment algorithm for autonomous underwater vehicles","volume":"100","author":"MT Vu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Ocean Research"},{"key":"pone.0355236.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirors E, Shi J, Guida R. 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