{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:30:52Z","timestamp":1786113052841,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019278","name":"Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant No. 2024\/141\/BAU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant No. 2024\/141\/BAU"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fruits are important in the diet because of the nutrients, vitamins, and minerals they provide for a healthy life; however, they can also serve as a potential source of opportunistic pathogens, including enterococci. They are considered zoonotic pathogens that cause severe infections in humans. This work aimed to isolate\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    from fruit surfaces and to detect its virulence genes, biofilm-forming ability, and antibiotic resistance patterns. A total of 76 samples of seven different types of fruits were collected and surface-washed, and used to isolate and identify\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    by cultural and biochemical tests, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the disk diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, a Congo Red Agar test for the determination of biofilm-forming ability, and PCR for virulence gene detection. Out of 76 samples, 47 (61.84%) fruit samples were found to be positive for\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis,<\/jats:italic>\n                    with the highest prevalence in oranges compared to the other six fruits. In the phenotypic antibiogram study, resistance was most frequently observed against commonly used antibiotics, including ampicillin (90.00%) and erythromycin (57.50%), while notable resistance was also detected against vancomycin (47.50%) and the last-resort antibiotic linezolid (47.50%). The ampicillin-resistance gene,\n                    <jats:italic>blaTEM,<\/jats:italic>\n                    was present in 65% of the isolates. Additionally, 60% of isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR), with the MAR index ranging from 0.33 to 0.78. Key virulence genes (\n                    <jats:italic>agg, ace, gelE, fsrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>pil<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and biofilm-forming capabilities were distributed among the isolates, indicating their potential for persistence and pathogenicity. These findings suggest that fruit surfaces harbor antibiotic-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; therefore, fruits should be thoroughly washed before eating and monitored using One Health strategies to reduce the risk to human health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0355410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T17:27:56Z","timestamp":1785950876000},"page":"e0355410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fresh fruit surface: A potential source for multidrug-resistant biofilm-forming Enterococcus faecalis having potential public health significance"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Rownak","family":"Jahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5738-6730","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naeem Ahammed Ibrahim","family":"Fahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Abdullah Evna","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1400-1250","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Liton","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6461-6327","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Tabeer Hossain","family":"Antor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samia","family":"Salam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rony Ibne","family":"Masud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9979-0060","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dilruba Akter","family":"Jany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2194-8785","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zuhayr","family":"Bakhtiyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6870-4595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Saiful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2168-5534","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Tofazzal","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5432-480X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Tanvir","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0355410.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0053-2018","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Enterococci","volume":"7","author":"E Fiore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0355410.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03829.x","article-title":"Enterococci of animal origin and their significance for public health","volume":"18","author":"AM Hammerum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0355410.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1976.03630080025009","article-title":"Group D Enterococcal Meningitis: Clinical and Therapeutic Considerations with Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature","volume":"136","author":"AS Bayer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0355410.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0303.970307","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococci outside the health-care setting: prevalence, sources, and public health implications","volume":"3","author":"LC McDonald","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0355410.ref005","article-title":"Bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of fresh fruits and vegetables","volume":"8","author":"JW Leff","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0355410.ref006","first-page":"3029295","article-title":"Microbial Contamination, an Increasing Threat to the Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in Today\u2019s World","author":"GI Balali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0355410.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.12.2976","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from retail fruits, vegetables, and meats","volume":"69","author":"LL McGowan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0355410.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020236","article-title":"Pathogenic Microorganisms Linked to Fresh Fruits and Juices Purchased at Low-Cost Markets in Ecuador, Potential Carriers of Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"12","author":"GN Tenea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0355410.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113678","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic resistance pathogens in online fresh-cut fruit from Chongqing, China and controlling Enterococcus faecalis by bacteriocin GF-15","volume":"165","author":"L Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"pone.0355410.ref010","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Enterococcus and its Association with Foodborne Illness. 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