{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T17:48:46Z","timestamp":1786470526594,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008396","name":"Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries of Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["33010-NIFA-21-770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33010-NIFA-21-770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A detailed understanding of how dietary carbon (C) is partitioned between excretion, gaseous emissions, and retention is essential for integrating C into current nutrient accounting frameworks, thereby bringing nutrient losses and gas emissions within a single standardized system. To support such integration, the present study aimed to construct C balance models for weaned pigs, grower\u2013finisher pigs, and sows using extant prediction equations and established constants to estimate dietary C input and C outputs via excreta, gas emissions, and retention in body tissues. Predicted C balances showed variable agreement across production stages, with comparatively closer agreement observed in grower\u2013finisher pigs. Estimates of C intake and C output via exhalation were generally consistent with reported values, whereas predictions of fecal, urinary, and enteric CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    outputs showed greater deviation, indicating areas requiring further refinement. Overall, the models developed in this study offer a conceptual framework for incorporating C into a unified nutrient accounting system. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of combining existing equations to estimate C flows at the animal level, while also highlighting key uncertainties and data gaps that need to be addressed in future research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0355493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T17:24:26Z","timestamp":1786469066000},"page":"e0355493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying carbon fluxes in pigs at different production stages: Intake, excretion, and retention"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0655-9175","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elvira","family":"Sattarova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saman","family":"Lashkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry J.H.","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2437-064X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frederik Rask","family":"Dalby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Friis","family":"B\u00f8rsting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0355493.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15101403","article-title":"Optimising nutrition for sustainable pig production: Strategies to quantify and mitigate environmental impact","volume":"15","author":"S Maher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0355493.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2021.104622","article-title":"Environmental impact of Danish pork at slaughterhouse gate \u2013 A life cycle assessment following biological and technological changes over a 10-year period","volume":"251","author":"T Dorca-Preda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"pone.0355493.ref003","author":"OECD","year":"2025"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0355493.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab213","article-title":"Greenhouse gases and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets containing wheat millrun and a multi-carbohydrase enzyme","volume":"99","author":"AL Kpogo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0355493.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731110000492","article-title":"Modelling of manure production by pigs and NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions. 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