{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:10:18Z","timestamp":1788891018942,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Indigenous weather forecasting plays a critical role in supporting climate-sensitive livelihoods in Eastern Mount Kenya, yet there is limited empirical understanding of the methods, perceived accuracy, and social mechanisms sustaining their use. This study examines these practices and their contribution to community resilience under increasing climate variability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted 81 in-depth interviews with elders aged 65 years and above across the region. Thematic analysis was applied to coded data to identify patterns, indicator types, and perceptions of reliability and resilience, while comparing insights across communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study makes three original contributions to ethno-meteorological knowledge which include atmospheric, biological and celestial indicators. In addition, it identifies somatic forecasting as a dominant and systematic knowledge domain, conceptualizing the human body as an environmental sensor within indigenous climate knowledge systems. It also demonstrates that declining reliability of indigenous indicators arises from ecological disruptions, highlighting the vulnerability of indigenous knowledge systems to environmental change. Further, the findings reveal a scale mismatch between scientific forecasts and community-level decision needs, showing that hybrid approaches integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge are more trusted and actionable at the local level. Additional insights include the role of elders as informal climate governance actors and the emergence of intergenerational knowledge loss as a key dimension of climate vulnerability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By conceptualizing indigenous weather forecasting as a dynamic, socially embedded, and ecologically grounded system, this study provides empirical evidence that can inform the development of a framework for locally responsive hybrid climate approaches. The results indicate the value of systematic documentation and cultural preservation and point to the potential benefits of integrating such knowledge into policy and climate-service design to enhance adaptive capacity and sustain community-based climate resilience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0355610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:50:53Z","timestamp":1788889853000},"page":"e0355610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cWhen the Emerald wood dove calls, the earth prepares to drink\u201d: Community elders lived experiences of indigenous weather forecasting in eastern Mount Kenya region"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6626-1313","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beatrice N.","family":"Warue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Community Engagement, Africa International University","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen K.","family":"Mucheke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Community Engagement, Africa International University","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Muita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Forestry","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"],"department":["Kenya Meteorological Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelaide M.","family":"Lusambili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledge Translation & Policy Unit; Nextgen for Earth","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0355610.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-012420-105026","article-title":"Extreme Weather and Climate Change: Population Health and Health System Implications","volume":"42","author":"KL Ebi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"10363","key":"pone.0355610.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01540-9","article-title":"The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels","volume":"400","author":"M Romanello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0355610.ref003","first-page":"065014","article-title":"Severe climate change risks to food security and nutrition","volume":"18","author":"A Mirzabaev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"issue":"8068","key":"pone.0355610.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09085-w","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on global agriculture accounting for adaptation","volume":"642","author":"A Hultgren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0355610.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3763\/cpol.2007.0435","article-title":"Adapting development cooperation to adapt to climate change","volume":"8","author":"S Agrawala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Climate Policy"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/sus.2020.6","article-title":"Transnationalization of climate adaptation by regional governments and the RegionsAdapt initiative","volume":"3","author":"J Setzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Sustain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.4102\/jamba.v12i1.742","article-title":"Impact of climate change and variability on traditional farming systems: Farmers\u2019 perceptions from south-west, semi-arid Zimbabwe","volume":"12","author":"E Ndlovu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jamba"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2019.104699","article-title":"The impact of climate change on incomes and convergence in Africa","volume":"126","author":"F Baarsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref009","unstructured":"Global Center on Adaptation, African Development Bank. Leaders\u2019 communiqu\u00e9: Adaptation finance summit for Africa. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Global Center on Adaptation (GCA). 2022. https:\/\/gca.org\/news\/leaders-communique-adaptation-finance-summit-for-africa\/"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0355610.ref010","article-title":"The socioeconomic impact of climate change in developing countries over the next decades: A literature survey","volume":"10","author":"PK Adom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/wbro\/lkad011","article-title":"The Relationship between Climate Action and Poverty Reduction","volume":"39","author":"HP Lankes","year":"2023","journal-title":"The World Bank Research Observer"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref012","first-page":"71","article-title":"Effects of climate variability and change on agricultural production: The case of small scale farmers in Kenya","volume":"77","author":"J Ochieng","year":"2016","journal-title":"NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0355610.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-025-14414-7","article-title":"Spatiotemporal trends of climate change and variability: impacts on coffee production in Abaya and Gelana Woredas, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"197","author":"T Deresse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref014","first-page":"25","article-title":"Climate change perception and impacts on cattle production in pastoral communities of northern Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"S Dinku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"issue":"5632","key":"pone.0355610.ref015","first-page":"178","article-title":"Climate change causes rapid warming of Lake Tanganyika, Africa\u2019s largest tropical lake","volume":"301","author":"CM O\u2019Reilly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref016","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Africa.","volume-title":"Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"I Niang","year":"2014"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0355610.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12581","article-title":"Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review","volume":"20","author":"PK Thornton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref018","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO. Agrifood sector faces growing threat from climate change-induced loss and damage. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/newsroom\/detail\/fao-report-agrifood-sector-faces-growing-threat-from-climate-change-induced-loss-and-damage. 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/met.2112","article-title":"Verification of operational numerical weather prediction model forecasts of precipitation using satellite rainfall estimates over Africa","volume":"30","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Meteorol Appl"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1416-6","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of indigenous biotic weather forecasting among the Borena herders of southern Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"DY Ayal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-019-02476-9","article-title":"Indigenous knowledge for seasonal weather and climate forecasting across East Africa","volume":"156","author":"LB Chang\u2019a","year":"2019","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0355610.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.36956\/rwae.v5i4.1240","article-title":"Economic benefits and uses of indigenous seasonal weather forecasts in Zimbabwe","volume":"5","author":"J Manzvera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research on World Agricultural Economy"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301908","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2024.1301908","article-title":"Incorporating indigenous knowledge systems-based climate services in anticipatory action in Zimbabwe: an ex-ante assessment","volume":"6","author":"T Dube","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Climate"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-019-0143-y","article-title":"Indigenous weather and climate forecasting knowledge among Afar pastoralists of north eastern Ethiopia: Role in adaptation to weather and climate variability","volume":"9","author":"M Balehegn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1416-6","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of indigenous biotic weather forecasting among the Borena herders of southern Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"DY Ayal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-019-02476-9","article-title":"Indigenous knowledge for seasonal weather and climate forecasting across East Africa","volume":"156","author":"LB Chang\u2019a","year":"2019","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0355610.ref027","article-title":"Reliability of indigenous traditional knowledge and conventional weather forecasting in the face of climate change and variability in Baringo County, Kenya","volume":"9","author":"GM Muriithi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Recent Sci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-022-00258-0","article-title":"Indigenous weather forecasting among Gujii pastoralists in southern Ethiopia: Towards monitoring drought","volume":"12","author":"M Guye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0355610.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/17565529.2018.1507896","article-title":"Adaptation to climate change using indigenous weather forecasting systems in Borana pastoralists of southern Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"B Iticha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Climate and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-019-0143-y","article-title":"Indigenous weather and climate forecasting knowledge among Afar pastoralists of north eastern Ethiopia: Role in adaptation to weather and climate variability","volume":"9","author":"M Balehegn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref031","first-page":"43","article-title":"Local forecasting indicators (livestock intestines, animal\/insect behavior, star-moon alignment) and the challenges of generational\/education\/technology shifts","volume":"12","author":"M Guye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-023-00278-4","article-title":"Temporal climate conditions and spatial drought patterns across rangelands in pastoral areas of West Guji and Borana zones, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"T Dejene","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0355610.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12241","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212241","article-title":"Perspectives of Local Community Leaders, Health Care Workers, Volunteers, Policy Makers and Academia on Climate Change Related Health Risks in Mukuru Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya-A Qualitative Study","volume":"18","author":"J Greibe Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-016-0054-0","article-title":"The use of indigenous climate forecasting methods by the pastoralists of Northern Kenya","volume":"6","author":"F Opiyo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40562-017-0088-1","article-title":"Climate variability and causes: from the perspective of the Tharaka people of eastern Kenya","volume":"4","author":"CW Recha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci Lett"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref036","first-page":"87","article-title":"Sensing weather: scientific and experiential modes of knowledge production for small-scale farming in western Kenya","volume":"78","author":"J Rochlitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"GH"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0355610.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/08941920252866774","article-title":"Reading the rains: local knowledge and rainfall forecasting in Burkina Faso","volume":"15","author":"C Roncoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc Nat Resour"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0355610.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(03)00113-X","article-title":"Assessing the Value of Climate Forecast Information for Pastoralists: Evidence from Southern Ethiopia and Northern Kenya","volume":"31","author":"WK Luseno","year":"2003","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0355610.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-009-9586-2","article-title":"Indigenous climate knowledge in southern Uganda: the multiple components of a dynamic regional system","volume":"100","author":"B Orlove","year":"2009","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-019-0143-y","article-title":"Indigenous weather and climate forecasting knowledge among Afar pastoralists of north eastern Ethiopia: Role in adaptation to weather and climate variability","volume":"9","author":"M Balehegn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-019-02476-9","article-title":"Indigenous knowledge for seasonal weather and climate forecasting across East Africa","volume":"156","author":"LB Chang\u2019a","year":"2019","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref042","unstructured":"Kenya Population and Housing Census (KPHC). Government Printers. 2019."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0355610.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092178","article-title":"Influence of ethnolinguistic diversity on the sorghum genetic patterns in subsistence farming systems in eastern Kenya","volume":"9","author":"V Labeyrie","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0355610.ref044","article-title":"Indigenous weather and climate forecasting knowledge among Afar pastoralists of north eastern Ethiopia: Role in adaptation to weather and climate variability","volume":"9","author":"A Angassa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0355610.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.2307\/798843","article-title":"The Constant Comparative Method of Qualitative Analysis","volume":"12","author":"BG Glaser","year":"1965","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0355610.ref046","first-page":"589","article-title":"Public knowledge, perceptions and practices in the high-risk lightning zone of South Africa","volume":"14","author":"K Public","year":"2022","journal-title":"African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-016-0054-0","article-title":"The use of indigenous climate forecasting methods by the pastoralists of northern Kenya","volume":"6","author":"G Oba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musembi DK, Cheruiyot HK. A case for validation of indigenous knowledge in forecasting rainfall among the Kamba community of Makueni County, Lower Eastern Kenya. Southeastern Kenya University Institutional Repository. https:\/\/repository.seku.ac.ke\/handle\/123456789\/2887. 2016.","DOI":"10.20987\/jmrs.4.08.2016"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-019-02476-9","article-title":"Indigenous knowledge for seasonal weather and climate forecasting across East Africa","volume":"156","author":"G Ziervogel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40562-017-0088-1","article-title":"Climate variability and causes: from the perspective of the Tharaka people of eastern Kenya","volume":"4","author":"CW Recha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci Lett"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref051","volume-title":"Role of indigenous knowledge in seasonal climate forecast for agricultural production in Bungoma Central Sub-County","author":"CA Barasa","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref052","volume-title":"Assessing the vulnerability of Maasai community and their adaptation strategies to climate change and variability: a case study of Kajiado County, Kenya","author":"MA Amina","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0355610.ref053","article-title":"Livelihood vulnerability to climate change in Makueni County, Kenya","volume":"27","author":"S Mutiso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific African"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0355610.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.842","article-title":"Local perceptions and regional climate trends on the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso","volume":"19","author":"CT West","year":"2008","journal-title":"Land Degrad Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0355610.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(03)00113-X","article-title":"Assessing the Value of Climate Forecast Information for Pastoralists: Evidence from Southern Ethiopia and Northern Kenya","volume":"31","author":"WK Luseno","year":"2003","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0355610.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-009-9713-0","article-title":"Indigenous knowledge related to climate variability and change: insights from droughts in semi-arid areas of former Makueni District, Kenya","volume":"100","author":"C Ifejika Speranza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0355610.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.842","article-title":"Local perceptions and regional climate trends on the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso","volume":"19","author":"CT West","year":"2008","journal-title":"Land Degrad Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0355610.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-007-9099-0","article-title":"The value of indigenous knowledge in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in the African Sahel","volume":"12","author":"A Nyong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0355610.ref059","first-page":"66","article-title":"Indigenous knowledge in seasonal rainfall prediction in Tanzania: A case of the South-western Highland of Tanzania","volume":"3","author":"LB Chang\u2019a","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Geography and Regional Planning"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0355610.ref060","first-page":"381","article-title":"Indigenous knowledge, climate change, and pastoral resilience in the Borana pastoral system of southern Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"W Berhanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Climate and Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0355610.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-009-9586-2","article-title":"Indigenous climate knowledge in southern Uganda: the multiple components of a dynamic regional system","volume":"100","author":"B Orlove","year":"2009","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0355610.ref062","first-page":"129","article-title":"The Nganyi community of western Kenya: rainmakers and their traditional forecasting knowledge","volume":"2","author":"L Ogallo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Climate and Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0355610.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1300\/J084v16n02_02","article-title":"Elder Abuse in Africa: What Policy and Legal Provisions Are There to Address the Violence?","volume":"16","author":"M Ferreira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X03001521","article-title":"Modernisation and ageing theory revisited: current explanations of recent developing world and historical Western shifts in material family support for older people","volume":"24","author":"I Aboderin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ageing and Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0355610.ref065","first-page":"66","article-title":"Indigenous knowledge in seasonal rainfall prediction in Tanzania: A case of the South-western Highland of Tanzania","volume":"3","author":"LB Chang\u2019a","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Geography and Regional Planning"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0355610.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(03)00113-X","article-title":"Assessing the Value of Climate Forecast Information for Pastoralists: Evidence from Southern Ethiopia and Northern Kenya","volume":"31","author":"WK Luseno","year":"2003","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355610.ref067","first-page":"183","article-title":"Cultural values and indigenous knowledge of climate change and disaster prediction in Rajasthan, India","volume":"10","author":"A Pareek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Traditional Knowledge"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0355610.ref068","first-page":"168","article-title":"The perfect drought? Constraints limiting Kalahari agro-pastoral communities from coping and adapting","volume":"5","author":"K Mogotsi","year":"2011","journal-title":"African J Environmental Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0355610","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:51:04Z","timestamp":1788889864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0355610"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida","place":["UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0355610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}