{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:53:36Z","timestamp":1792788816825,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000911","name":"Joyce Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SG-22-45737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-22-45737"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014155","name":"Heising-Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-1728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-1728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001019","name":"California Wellness Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-25584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-25584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UC Davis Violence Prevention Research Program","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rrcem69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020495","name":"California Firearm Violence Research Center, UC Davis Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020495","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Recent research in the United States has found concerning levels of support for and willingness to engage in political violence and for extreme beliefs linked to violence. Associations between political party affiliation and political ideology and these levels of support have not been quantified.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Cross-sectional nationally representative survey conducted May 13 to June 2, 2022, of adult members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel. Primary outcomes concerned support for and personal willingness to engage in political violence, presented as prevalences (weighted to achieve representativeness) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and prevalence differences (adjusted for sociodemographics and geography) with p-values adjusted for the false discovery rate and reported as q-values.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The completion rate was 55.8%; the analytic sample included 8,620 respondents. Higher percentages of Republicans (from 35.3% to 49.5%) than Democrats (from 24.7% to 26.7%) considered violence to be usually or always justified to advance at least 1 of 17 specific political objectives. Few respondents (<3%), with no statistically significant differences by party affiliation, were \u201cvery or completely willing\u201d to threaten or intimidate, injure, or kill another person for political purposes. Strong Republicans were more likely than strong Democrats to consider it \u201cvery or extremely likely\u201d that they would be armed in a future situation where they considered political violence to be justified: 14.6% (95% CI, 12.5%, 17.0%) and 4.7% (95% CI, 3.4%, 6.3%), respectively; adjusted prevalence difference 9.7% (95% CI, 6.9%, 12.1%; q\u2009<\u20090.001). Respondents rarely (<2%), and again without differences by party affiliation, thought it very or extremely likely that they would shoot someone in such a situation. Findings for political ideology resembled those for party affiliation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Republicans and conservatives were more likely than Democrats and liberals to view political violence as justified to advance specific political objectives; this finding is a function of the specific objectives that were presented. Republicans were not more willing than Democrats to engage in political violence themselves. These findings deepen our understanding of the potential threat posed by political violence in the United States and can contribute to prevention efforts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0355678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:23:56Z","timestamp":1789579436000},"page":"e0355678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Party affiliation, political ideology, views on democracy and society, and support for political violence in the United States of America: findings from a nationally representative survey"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6748-8512","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Garen J.","family":"Wintemute","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7707-9728","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sonia L.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3884-7907","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Tancredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Tomsich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia P.","family":"Schleimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Reeping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron B.","family":"Shev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Velasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2462-3785","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Veronica A.","family":"Pear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0355678.ref001","volume-title":"After the ballots are counted: conspiracies, political violence, and American exceptionalism: findings from the January 2021 American Perspectives Survey","author":"DA Cox","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref002","author":"Public Religion Research Institute","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref003","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref004","volume-title":"Americans\u2019 views on violence against the government","author":"AC Safarpour","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref005","author":"Bright Line Watch","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref006","author":"Bright Line Watch","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226820279.001.0001","volume-title":"Radical American partisanship","author":"NP Kalmoe","year":"2022"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0355678.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116870119","article-title":"Current research overstates American support for political violence","volume":"119","author":"SJ Westwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref009","article-title":"Hard right stokes outrage after search of Mar-a-Lago","author":"A Feuer","year":"2022","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref010","article-title":"Trumpworld walks a line between predicting violence and threatening it","author":"P Bump","year":"2022","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0355678.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2021.0059","article-title":"The rise of political violence in the United States","volume":"32","author":"R Kleinfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Democracy"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref012","volume-title":"How civil wars start and how to stop them","author":"BF Walter","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref013","volume-title":"Bulletin: summary of the terrorism threat to the United States","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref014","volume-title":"Select January 6th Committee final report and supporting materials collection","author":"House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref015","author":"Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0355678.ref016","article-title":"Conversations\/David Satcher; 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