{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:06:26Z","timestamp":1790640386726,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000646","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K06225,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K06225,"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000646","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K06176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K06176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000646","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K09457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K09457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018732","name":"Ohsumi Frontier Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JST CREST","award":["JPMJCR19S5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJCR19S5"]}]},{"name":"Osaka City University (OCU) Strategic Research Grant"},{"name":"JST SPRING","award":["JPMJSP2139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2139"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fungi produce spores as a strategy for survival and dispersal. Spore shape and surface structure are thought to facilitate adhesion to hosts or vectors, and the outermost spore layer is associated with spore hydrophobicity and stress tolerance. Although the morphology of\n                    <jats:italic>Schizosaccharomyces pombe<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores has been well characterized\u2014including a distinctive bumpy surface and an outermost proteinaceous layer\u2014spore morphology in other fission yeasts remains poorly understood. Here we compared the structure of spores from four fission yeast species\u2014\n                    <jats:italic>S. pombe, S. octosporus, S. japonicus,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. versatilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014using various microscopy techniques. Optical and electron microscopy revealed that the surface structures of fission yeast spores differ markedly among species. Notably, the fibrillar surface structures observed in\n                    <jats:italic>S. pombe<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores are absent in other fission yeast spores. Ultrathin-section electron microscopy showed that the characteristic electron-dense structures of the outermost spore layer in\n                    <jats:italic>S. pombe<\/jats:italic>\n                    are also largely absent in the other species. Among the four species examined,\n                    <jats:italic>S. pombe<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores exhibited the highest stress tolerance to heat and ethanol. Collectively, these results suggest that fission yeasts have acquired distinct spore morphologies, which may have contributed to their adaptation to diverse habitats.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0355697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:35:21Z","timestamp":1787160921000},"page":"e0355697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diversity of spore morphology among fission yeasts"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Sakaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhei O.","family":"Tahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Miyata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3343-7765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taro","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0355697.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2017.10.006","article-title":"The fungal spore and food spoilage","volume":"17","author":"J Dijksterhuis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Food Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355697.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23292-8","article-title":"Fungal spore diversity reflects substrate-specific deposition challenges","volume":"8","author":"S Calhim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0355697.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27253-0","article-title":"Interspore bridges: a new feature of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spore wall","volume":"150","author":"A Coluccio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0355697.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9040392","article-title":"Studies on the Proteinaceous Structure Present on the Surface of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spore Wall","volume":"9","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0355697.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01573968","article-title":"Relationships among the genera Ashbya, Eremothecium, Holleya and Nematospora determined from rDNA sequence divergence","volume":"14","author":"CP Kurtzman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Ind Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355697.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.1.27-39.2004","article-title":"ADAM family protein Mde10 is essential for development of spore envelopes in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe","volume":"3","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0355697.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2007.08.003","article-title":"Structural analysis of hydrophobins","volume":"39","author":"M Sunde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Micron"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0355697.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35659-4","article-title":"Dityrosine is a prominent component of the yeast ascospore wall. 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