{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:19:05Z","timestamp":1787941145245,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Roche Products Ghana Limited and the Sanford Health Foundation","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of cervical cancer is highest in Africa. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the major cause of cervical cancer. There are over 200 different HPV genotypes, with 15 considered (potential) high-risk genotypes for developing cancer. Due to a lack of systematic screening programs in most African countries, there is limited data available on the most prevalent HPV genotypes in the population. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes in cohorts in Ghana and Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed HPV genotyping data from cervical samples submitted for diagnostic HPV genotype testing between July 2022 and March 2025. Our database contained results from samples obtained from outreach screening events in Accra, the capital of Ghana (n\u2009=\u2009680), a research project in Ghana outside of Accra (n\u2009=\u2009426), clinician-collected samples submitted through clinics in Ghana (n\u2009=\u2009118), samples from participants in Ghana who independently sought HPV genotyping through community-based providers, pharmacies, clinics, or online testing services outside organized screening programmes (n\u2009=\u2009181) and samples from an outreach screening event in Kenya (n\u2009=\u200946). All samples were from women 18 years old and above. Positivity for HPV genotypes (HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68) was determined by RT-PCR, using the AmpFire HPV High Risk Genotyping kit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HPV positivity in the Ghana screening group was 34.9%, with multiple genotypes detected in 39.2% of the positive cases. The main HPV genotype in the Ghana screening group was HPV-39 (19.0%), which was especially prevalent in the younger age group (&lt;30 years), followed by HPV-53 (15.2%) and HPV-68 (15.2%). HPV infection (Odds Ratio (OR) 3.09, Confidence Interval (CI) 1.92\u20134.97, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and infection with multiple genotypes (OR 3.45, CI 1.42\u20138.38, p\u2009=\u20090.006) was associated with younger age in the Ghana screening group. In the Ghana research group HPV-53 was the most common genotype (18.9%), followed by HPV-39 (18.0%). In the clinician-collected group HPV-16 (18.6%) was the most common genotype. In the self-collected samples from participants who independently sought HPV testing HPV-39 (17.9%) and HPV-51 (17.9%) were the most common genotypes. In the much smaller Kenya screening group HPV-51 (46.2%) was the most prevalent genotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study shows HPV genotype distribution in different settings. This emphasizes the importance of systematic population-wide HPV screening to understand local HPV infections patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0355868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:40:40Z","timestamp":1787938840000},"page":"e0355868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genotype distribution of high-risk and potential high-risk HPV types among women in different screening and clinic settings in Ghana and Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9658-1935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eliza Mari","family":"Kwesi-Maliepaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith A.","family":"Osea-Larbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Genetic Medicine Centre, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celestine K.","family":"Nyamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakubu","family":"Alhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Biostatistics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelaide K.","family":"Sromani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera M.","family":"Kotey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Darko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randy","family":"Tackie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Kiome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha M.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Buadii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel K.","family":"Quaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Akligoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6792-9410","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barikisu A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Kaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan Florence","family":"Amoako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmy","family":"Kotey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Agyemang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce M.","family":"Ngoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Paemka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"West African Genetic Medicine Centre, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Dept, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwaku","family":"Darkwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanford World Clinic","place":["Mankessim, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thywill","family":"Degley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanford World Clinic","place":["Mankessim, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan Edward","family":"Siebu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Genetic Medicine Centre, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1747-2963","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charles Ochieng\u2019","family":"Olwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins M.","family":"Morang\u2019a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Manu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3646-1736","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Hutchful","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2965-7597","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emmanuella","family":"Amoako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1195-8762","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frank G.","family":"Onyambu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaw","family":"Bediako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yemaachi Biotech Ltd","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"Ashesi University","place":["Berekuso, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0355868.ref001","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J Clinicians"},{"key":"pone.0355868.ref002","article-title":"Global burden of cervical cancer: current estimates, temporal trend and future projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2022","author":"J Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J National Cancer Center"},{"key":"pone.0355868.ref003","volume-title":"Global cancer observatory: cancer today (2024 estimates, version 1.0)","author":"M Ervik","year":"2026"},{"key":"pone.0355868.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.03.002","article-title":"Misclassifications in human papillomavirus 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Introduction of HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) vaccine. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/immunizationdata.who.int\/global\/wiise-detail-page\/introduction-of-hpv-(human-papilloma-virus)-vaccine, Accessed 06 May 2025"},{"issue":"29","key":"pone.0355868.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.05.019","article-title":"Impact, cost-effectiveness, and budget implications of HPV vaccination in Kenya: a modelling study","volume":"41","author":"V Mwenda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0355868.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2025.1667727","article-title":"National human papillomavirus vaccination (GH_PV) programme: Ghana at a crossroads; is vaccine supply alone enough to ensure success?","volume":"6","author":"K Amo-Antwi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Glob Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"pone.0355868.ref021","unstructured":"Ghana launches HPV vaccine to protect over 2 million girls and combat cervical cancer. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.gavi.org\/news\/media-room\/ghana-launches-hpv-vaccine-protect-over-2-million-girls-and-combat-cervical-cancer Accessed 23 October 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355868.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-70450-y","article-title":"Advancing the elimination of cervical cancer across Africa","volume":"17","author":"KS Osafo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355868.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24817-3","article-title":"Efforts to increase uptake of cervical cancer screening in the absence of a national programme in Ghana: a qualitative study of stakeholders\u2019 experience","volume":"25","author":"PNEW Vandyck-Sey","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355868.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280437","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genotype distribution among women with and without cervical cancer: Implication for vaccination and screening in Ghana","volume":"18","author":"Y Nartey","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0355868.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-13113-9","article-title":"Cervical precancer screening using self-sampling, HPV DNA testing, and mobile colposcopy in a hard-to-reach community in Ghana: a pilot study","volume":"24","author":"K Effah","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0355868.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10732748221094721","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748221094721","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of vaccine-preventable genital human Papillomavirus(HPV) genotypes in ghanaian women presenting for screening","volume":"29","author":"ET Donkoh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355868.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01511-1","article-title":"Prevalence of vaccine and non-vaccine human papillomavirus types among women in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"O Debrah","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0355868.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218762","article-title":"Characterization of Human Papillomavirus prevalence and risk factors to guide cervical cancer screening in the North Tongu District, Ghana","volume":"14","author":"A Krings","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0355868.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09166-7","article-title":"The distribution of hrHPV genotypes among cervical cancer cases diagnosed across Ghana: a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"PK Akakpo","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0355868.ref030","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Kenya. 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