{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:21:34Z","timestamp":1787854894404,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    During the 2024 U.S. presidential election, Democratic campaign advertisements frequently labeled Trump as a \u201cconvicted criminal,\u201d invoking stigmatizing language with empirically known, negative consequences for public perceptions of individuals with criminal records. Leaning upon social categorization theory, propagating such labels on Trump may thereby spillover, impacting constituents\u2019 perspectives of individuals with records more broadly. To test for the possibility of stigmatizing language spillover, this preliminary study employs a survey experiment testing exposure to the Party\u2019s advertisement, labeling Trump as a \u201cconvicted criminal\u201d (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009814) relative to no advertisement (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009813), on Democrats\u2019 perceptions of individuals with records and several dimensions of perceived representation. Results suggest that exposure to the Trump advertisement with the \u201cconvicted criminal\u201d label had significant, negative impacts on Democrats\u2019 perceptions of individuals with records, but improved perceived feelings of representation. Importantly, the effect of a counter-stereotype\u2019s ability to mitigate these effects was also tested, randomly assigning some participants to receive the perspective of a formerly system-involved state representative before the advertisement (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009812). Findings suggest that the counter-stereotype vastly ameliorated the negative effects of the advertisement on Democrats\u2019 perceptions of individuals with criminal records. While well-powered and aptly-timed field experiments are needed to confirm and extend these findings, utilizing\u00a0political messaging that elevates dedicated, justice-involved voices within the party rather than rely on stigmatizing attacks should be strongly considered\u00a0and tested.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0355933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T17:41:39Z","timestamp":1787852499000},"page":"e0355933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lose the label: Messaging effects on Democrats\u2019 perceptions of individuals with criminal records and representation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6961-0259","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessie","family":"Harney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0355933.ref001","volume-title":"Guilty: Trump becomes the first former US president convicted of felony crimes","author":"MR Sisak","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0355933.ref002","unstructured":"ProQuest. 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