{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:34:30Z","timestamp":1786732470954,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Violence exposure is a major public health concern among adolescents. Yet, evidence on socio-demographic and familial risk factors in adolescent psychiatric populations in Nepal and other low- and middle-income countries is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify risk factors associated with different forms of violence exposure among adolescents attending a child and adolescent psychiatric unit in Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 810 adolescents aged 11\u201315 years (392 boys, 418 girls) at Kanti Children\u2019s Hospital in Kathmandu, were included. Adolescents reported past-year exposure to violence using adapted PedHITSS and ICAST-C items, while parents provided socio-demographic and family data. Associations were examined using ordinal and logistic regression analyses in SPSS 29.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical abuse was more frequent among adolescents from the Dalit caste (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.03\u20133.34, p\u2009=\u20090.04), whereas neglect and domestic violence were more frequent among Indigenous\/minority groups compared with Brahmin\/Chhetri castes (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.17\u20132.52, p\u2009=\u20090.006; OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.17\u20132.27, p\u2009=\u20090.004). Compared with urban areas, emotional abuse was less frequent in rural (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.34\u20130.80, p\u2009=\u20090.003) and semi-urban areas (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.41\u20130.85, p\u2009=\u20090.005), while sexual abuse and neglect were less frequent in semi-urban areas (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21\u20130.77, p\u2009=\u20090.01; OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.20\u20130.60, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect were more frequent among females (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.19\u20132.13, p\u2009=\u20090.002; OR 3.70, 95% CI 2.27\u20136.06, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.22\u20132.50, p\u2009=\u20090.002). Increasing maternal age was associated with lower odds of emotional abuse (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95\u20131.00, p\u2009=\u20090.02). Emotional abuse and domestic violence were more frequent in single-parent families compared with extended families (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.04\u20133.78, p\u2009=\u20090.04; OR 2.84, 95% CI 1.04\u20137.78, p\u2009=\u20090.001), and parental illiteracy was linked to increased domestic violence compared with university-level education (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.15\u20137.49, p\u2009=\u20090.03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Violence exposure was more frequent among Dalit and Indigenous\/minority groups, females, urban residents, was associated with younger maternal age, single-parent households, and parental illiteracy reflecting need for culturally informed, trauma-focused prevention and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  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