{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:13:12Z","timestamp":1788372792997,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VI.C.221.100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VI.C.221.100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Published (replication) studies that use measures to assess psychological phenomena need to transparently report information on measurement procedures, validity, and reliability to allow verification and use in future (replication) research. However, earlier results highlighted widespread poor reporting of psychological measurement. Here, we investigated measurement reporting in a sample of 77 measures within 56 Many Labs replications and related original articles (14\u201317) and found that the information relevant for reusing measures was reported in full in around half the replication measures, and only in 5.2% of the original studies. We also observed that around a third of multiple-item measures in original studies and 11.4% in replications reported reliability coefficients, with comparable proportions for reporting any convergent, discriminant, predictive, or factorial validity evidence. We assessed the reliability, unidimensionality, and measurement invariance of multiple-item measures using the openly available Many Labs item response data. We observed that while some measures passed these psychometric checks, they rarely did so consistently across labs. These results corroborate existing findings that measurement reporting in published research lacks transparency, and that poor measurement reporting may obscure insufficient reliability and validity. We offer suggestions on how to improve measurement reporting practices and increase the use of validated measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:21:40Z","timestamp":1788369700000},"page":"e0356070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measurement reliability, construct validity, and transparent reporting in original and replication psychological research"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3792-4148","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cas","family":"Goos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9024-337X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marjan","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelte M.","family":"Wicherts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le B.","family":"Nuijten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0356070.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000624","article-title":"The dire disregard of measurement invariance testing in psychological science","volume":"30","author":"E Maassen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0356070.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.40066.x","article-title":"How reliable are assessments of clinical teaching? A review of the published instruments","volume":"19","author":"TJ Beckman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356070.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198113483139","article-title":"Validity and reliability reporting practices in the field of health education and behavior: a review of seven journals","volume":"41","author":"AE Barry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356070.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617693063","article-title":"Construct validation in social and personality research: current practice and recommendations","volume":"8","author":"JK Flake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356070.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1037\/cap0000220","article-title":"Measurement practices in large-scale replications: insights from Many Labs 2","volume":"61","author":"M Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Canadian Psychology\/Psychologie canadienne"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356070.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001006","article-title":"Construct validity and the validity of replication studies: A systematic review","volume":"77","author":"JK Flake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356070.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245920952393","article-title":"Measurement Schmeasurement: Questionable Measurement Practices and How to Avoid Them","volume":"3","author":"JK Flake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0356070.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611417632","article-title":"False-positive psychology: undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant","volume":"22","author":"JP Simmons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0356070.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611430953","article-title":"Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling","volume":"23","author":"LK John","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01832","article-title":"Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: a checklist to avoid p-hacking","volume":"7","author":"JM Wicherts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussey I, Alsalti T, Bosco F, Elson M, Arslan R. An aberrant abundance of Cronbach\u2019s alpha values at\u2009.70. OSF. 2023.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/dm8xn"},{"issue":"6251","key":"pone.0356070.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4716","article-title":"PSYCHOLOGY. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science","volume":"349","author":"Collaboration Open Science","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0356070.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164404264120","article-title":"An empirical study of reporting practices concerning measurement validity","volume":"64","author":"TP Hogan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356070.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620970586","article-title":"The Theory Crisis in Psychology: How to Move Forward","volume":"16","author":"MI Eronen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356070.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868320931366","article-title":"A Validity-Based Framework for Understanding Replication in Psychology","volume":"24","author":"LR Fabrigar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356070.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/09593543221139811","article-title":"Meaningful measurement requires substantive formal theory","volume":"33","author":"M Borgstede","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theory & Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356070.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-9335\/a000178","article-title":"Investigating variation in replicability: A \u201cmany labs\u201d replication project","volume":"45","author":"RA Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.10.012","article-title":"Many Labs 3: Evaluating participant pool quality across the academic semester via replication","volume":"67","author":"CR Ebersole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356070.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245918810225","article-title":"Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings","volume":"1","author":"RA Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356070.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245920958687","article-title":"Many Labs 5: Testing Pre-Data-Collection Peer Review as an Intervention to Increase Replicability","volume":"3","author":"CR Ebersole","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356070.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35271","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.35271","article-title":"Many Labs 4: Failure to Replicate Mortality Salience Effect With and Without Original Author Involvement","volume":"8","author":"RA Klein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2490-4_4","article-title":"An Overview of Psychological Measurement","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref023","volume-title":"A conceptual introduction to psychometrics: Development, analysis and application of psychological and educational tests","author":"GJ Mellenbergh","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref024","volume-title":"Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues","author":"RM Kaplan","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356070.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2015.1124240","article-title":"Scale quality: alpha is an inadequate estimate and factor-analytic evidence is needed first of all","volume":"11","author":"R Crutzen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356070.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-008-9101-0","article-title":"On the Use, the Misuse, and the Very Limited Usefulness of Cronbach\u2019s Alpha","volume":"74","author":"K Sijtsma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356070.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.1.98","article-title":"What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications","volume":"78","author":"JM Cortina","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356070.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.4.350","article-title":"Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha","volume":"8","author":"N Schmitt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356070.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040957","article-title":"Construct validity in psychological tests","volume":"52","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1955","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/03610739208253916","article-title":"A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research","volume":"18","author":"JL Horn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp Aging Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356070.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428111421987","article-title":"A Direct Comparison Approach for Testing Measurement Invariance","volume":"15","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356070.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000226","article-title":"The jingle and jangle of emotion assessment: Imprecise measurement, casual scale usage, and conceptual fuzziness in emotion research","volume":"17","author":"AC Weidman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356070.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-023-00026-9","article-title":"Psychological measures aren\u2019t toothbrushes","volume":"1","author":"M Elson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459251360642","article-title":"A fragmented field: Construct and measure proliferation in psychology","author":"F Anvari","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0356070.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-025-02138-0","article-title":"Defragmenting psychology","volume":"9","author":"F Anvari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356070.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575461","article-title":"Power and precision in confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"AW Meade","year":"2007","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1504\/IJQRE.2016.073672","article-title":"Measurement invariance techniques to enhance measurement sensitivity","volume":"3","author":"BF French","year":"2016","journal-title":"IJQRE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356070.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164416683754","article-title":"The Impact of Model Parameterization and Estimation Methods on Tests of Measurement Invariance With Ordered Polytomous Data","volume":"78","author":"NA Koziol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356070.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519409539984","article-title":"Longitudinal stability of latent means and individual differences: A unified approach","volume":"1","author":"HW Marsh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203781098","volume-title":"Factor Analysis","author":"RL Gorsuch","year":"2013","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref041","author":"team Posit","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref042","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref043","author":"CJ Van Lissa","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356070.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02072.x","article-title":"Where do we look during potentially offensive behavior?","volume":"19","author":"JR Crosby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0356070.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015141","article-title":"Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations","volume":"96","author":"J Graham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0356070.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.89.5.792","article-title":"Alpha\u2019s standard error (ASE): an accurate and precise confidence interval estimate","volume":"89","author":"A Duhachek","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref047","article-title":"Managing heterogeneity of variance in studies of reliability generalization with alpha coefficients","author":"J Botella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0356070.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-05604-y","article-title":"Reliability generalization meta-analysis: comparing different statistical methods","volume":"43","author":"C L\u00f3pez-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356070.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164498058001002","article-title":"Reliability Generalization: Exploring Variance in Measurement Error Affecting Score Reliability Across Studies","volume":"58","author":"T Vacha-Haase","year":"1998","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356070.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356070.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/3001666","article-title":"The combination of estimates from different experiments","volume":"10","author":"WG Cochran","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356070.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6632","article-title":"Misunderstandings about Q and \u201cCochran\u2019s Q test\u201d in meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"DC Hoaglin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356070.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.13","article-title":"Critical interpretation of Cochran\u2019s Q test depends on power and prior assumptions about heterogeneity","volume":"1","author":"TV Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356070.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1678","article-title":"Avoiding common mistakes in meta-analysis: Understanding the distinct roles of Q, I-squared, tau-squared, and the prediction interval in reporting heterogeneity","volume":"15","author":"M Borenstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356070.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164416658325","article-title":"Testing the Difference Between Reliability Coefficients Alpha and Omega","volume":"77","author":"L Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356070.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(99)00204-4","article-title":"Cloninger\u2019s Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character and the Five-Factor Model of Personality","volume":"29","author":"F De Fruyt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356070.ref057","first-page":"158","article-title":"We need more replication research \u2013 A case for test-retest reliability. Perspectives on","author":"J Leppink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0356070.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2015.12.004","article-title":"Selecting single items to measure doubly concrete constructs: A cautionary tale","volume":"69","author":"M Sarstedt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356070.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2018.1529865","article-title":"Editorial: Methods papers","volume":"30","author":"E Gardiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356070.ref060","article-title":"Assessing the Transparency of Methods in Scientific Reporting","volume":"10","author":"C Zogmaister","year":"2024","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356070.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620979806","article-title":"Estimating the Prevalence of Transparency and Reproducibility-Related Research Practices in Psychology (2014-2017)","volume":"17","author":"TE Hardwicke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-075767","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of data and code sharing in the medical and health sciences: systematic review with meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"382","author":"DG Hamilton","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356070.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459231213802","article-title":"Best Laid Plans: A Guide to Reporting Preregistration Deviations","volume":"7","author":"EC Willroth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0356070.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617708630","article-title":"Constraints on Generality (COG): A Proposed Addition to All Empirical Papers","volume":"12","author":"DJ Simons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref065","volume-title":"Standards for educational and psychological testing","author":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref066","volume-title":"Publication manual 7th edition of the American Psychological Association","author":"American Psychological Association","year":"2020","edition":"7"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356070.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2022.2143897","article-title":"Statistical Guidance to Authors at Top-Ranked Journals across Scientific Disciplines","volume":"77","author":"TE Hardwicke","year":"2022","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"key":"pone.0356070.ref068","article-title":"The ASA Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose","author":"RL Wasserstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356070.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192808","article-title":"Quality science from quality measurement: The role of measurement type with respect to replication and effect size magnitude in psychological research","volume":"13","author":"DE Kornbrot","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0356070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:21:52Z","timestamp":1788369712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0356070"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Diego A.","family":"Forero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0356070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}