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Prior research has relied on both variable- and person-centered approaches to examine links between parenting and children\u2019s internalizing and externalizing behaviors, yet few studies have integrated these approaches within a single investigation. In the current study, we combined both approaches by first utilizing latent profile analyses to identify profiles of parenting practices across multiple dimensions. We then utilized path analyses to examine whether parenting profiles (person-centered) and individual parenting dimensions (variable-centered) were associated with children\u2019s internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The sample included children participating in the ECHO Cohort (N\u2009=\u20092,752; 49% female;\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20099.90 years, range\u2009=\u20095\u201318). Three parenting profiles were identified: Higher Positive Parenting\u2013Better Supervision, Lower Positive Parenting\u2013Medium Supervision, and Medium Positive Parenting\u2013Poorer Supervision. The three profiles differed in children\u2019s internalizing and externalizing behaviors, with symptom levels increasing from Higher Positive \u2013 Better Supervision to Lower Positive \u2013 Medium Supervision, and highest in Medium Positive \u2013 Poorer Supervision. At the dimension level, positive parenting was negatively related to both internalizing and externalizing behaviors, whereas inconsistent discipline was positively related to both outcomes. Poor supervision was positively related to externalizing behaviors but was not associated with internalizing behaviors. Together, these findings advance theoretical models of the caregiving environment and its associations with child psychopathology risk, suggesting that interventions should target both specific dimensions and broader profiles of parenting practices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:21:51Z","timestamp":1790788911000},"page":"e0356078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parenting profiles and dimensions in relation to children\u2019s internalizing and externalizing behaviors in the ECHO program"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9766-3123","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoye","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The State University of New York at Cortland","place":["Cortland, New York, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Psychology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren C.","family":"Shuffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU Grossman School of Medicine","place":["New York, New York, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-4524","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leslie D.","family":"Leve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oregon","place":["Eugene, Oregon, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4513-9578","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandra D. W.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health and Community, Weill Neurosciences Institute, University of California","place":["San Francisco, California, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nissa","family":"Towe-Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["North Carolina, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret M.","family":"Swingler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["North Carolina, United States of America"],"department":["Carolina Population Center"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean A.","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","place":["Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isha","family":"Jalnapurkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","place":["Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","place":["Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States 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