{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:29:59Z","timestamp":1786645799673,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multidrug-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MDRE) is among the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections, resulting in prolonged hospitalization, increased healthcare costs, and mortality. Carbapenem are often used as last-resort antibiotics; however, the emergence of carbapenemase-producing\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CPE) has severely limited treatment options. In Ethiopia, data on their burden from routine diagnostic laboratory settings remain limited. This study assessed the prevalence of multidrug-resistant and carbapenemase-producing\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      among clinical isolates in Addis Ababa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2, 2025, to April 2, 2025 on clinical specimens referred to Wudassie Advanced Medical Laboratory in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 1105 clinical specimens collected through convenience sampling method were processed. Bacterial identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (EXS 3000, Zybio Inc., China). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2024) guidelines. Carbapenemase production was confirmed using the modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method (mCIM). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 1105 clinical specimens, 288\/1105 (26.1%) showed bacterial growth.\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      accounted for 156\/288 (54.2%) of the isolates. The most common isolates were\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      89\/156 (57.1%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      47\/156 (30.1%). Overall, 123\/156 (78.8%) of\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      were multidrug resistant. Carbapenem resistance was detected in 35\/154 (22.7%) of isolates, and 30\/154 (19.5%) were confirmed as carbapenemase producers.\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      24\/30 (80%) was the predominant carbapenemase-producing organism. Most CPE isolates were recovered from urine specimens, followed by wound and sputum samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrates a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant and carbapenemase-producing\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Addis Ababa. The findings highlight the urgent need for strengthened antimicrobial stewardship programs, early detection strategies, and enhanced infection prevention and control measures in the private health facilities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T17:38:00Z","timestamp":1786642680000},"page":"e0356234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidrug resistance and carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical samples, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional 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