{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:59:49Z","timestamp":1790017189330,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BL 1280\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BL 1280\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When humans navigate through their social and spatial surroundings, they construct\u00a0affective\u00a0representations of the spatial context that shape this navigation. The theory of affective judgment in spatial context specifies how people build these representations. We present two laboratory experiments (N\u2009=\u2009121 and N\u2009=\u2009254) that lend more ecological validity to this line of inquiry. In a modified threat-of-shock paradigm, participants experienced an actual physical threat at one location of an environment depicted on a computer screen. Like in previous online experiments, we observed that, compared to a control condition, participants reported that the threat at this location (termed hotspot, an affectively salient location in space) colored the surroundings negatively with high subjectively perceived arousal at close distance whereas it colored the surroundings positively with low subjectively perceived arousal farther away (i.e., an affective polarization of space). However, this polarization was not mirrored by physiological indices of affect, even though electrodermal and cardiac activity lent support to the idea that participants actually were more threatened closer to the hotspot. Furthermore, we could not find evidence for affective polarization elicited by the threat affecting the affective empathy in response to strangers shown at the different locations. Thus, whereas the subjective experience of affective polarization of space seems robust across different operationalizations, we did not find evidence that this subjective experience is reflected in underlying physiology or that affective empathy is moderated by distance to a threatening location.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:01:16Z","timestamp":1790013676000},"page":"e0356294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Affective polarization of space under imminent physical threat: Self-reported affect, physiology, and social responding across two experiments"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6675-0144","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Till","family":"Kastendieck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"],"department":["Department of Psychology, Social and Organizational Psychology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6793-7282","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ursula","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"],"department":["Department of Psychology, Social and Organizational Psychology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Blaison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9","place":["Paris, France"],"department":["Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0356294.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12340","article-title":"Racialized physical space as cultural product","volume":"11","author":"CM Bonam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social & Personality Psych"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0356294.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000226","article-title":"Polluting Black space","volume":"145","author":"CM Bonam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356294.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cico.12112","article-title":"Neighborhood stereotypes and interpersonal trust in social exchange: An experimental study","volume":"14","author":"LA Gorbunova","year":"2015","journal-title":"City & Community"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356294.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2017.1335568","article-title":"The Bias of Crowds: How Implicit Bias Bridges Personal and Systemic Prejudice","volume":"28","author":"BK Payne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0356294.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617711229","article-title":"Disproportionate Use of Lethal Force in Policing Is Associated With Regional Racial Biases of Residents","volume":"9","author":"E Hehman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356294.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2010.10.001","article-title":"Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years?.","volume":"31","author":"M Lewicka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0356294.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2021.101600","article-title":"The way we perceive a place implies who can live there: Essentialisation of place and attitudes towards diversity","volume":"75","author":"A Wnuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0356294.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868307301033","article-title":"How emotion shapes behavior: feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation","volume":"11","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0356294.ref009","first-page":"121","article-title":"Affect as information","author":"GL Clore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Handbook of Affect and Social Cognition. 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