{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:03:21Z","timestamp":1789499001053,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early and real-time detection of rice leaf diseases (RLD) poses a significant challenge for farmers, especially in rural regions with limited access to advanced technology. Conventional deep learning models often require substantial computational resources, rendering them impractical for deployment on mobile or edge devices commonly used in agricultural environments. Although models such as ResNet50, VGG16, and InceptionV3 can achieve high accuracy, they are computationally expensive and may be less suitable for real-time deployment in smart agricultural systems. Furthermore, many existing studies rely on limited datasets, which can restrict model generalizability under diverse real-world conditions. Although transfer learning can improve classification performance, developing lightweight models suitable for real-time IoT deployment remains challenging. To address these limitations, we curated a hybrid dataset of 7,092 rice leaf images by combining self-collected and Kaggle samples and proposed IoT-RiceMobileNet, a lightweight improved MobileNetV2-based model that can be effectively integrated into our developed IoT system. The proposed model outperformed transfer learning and deep learning baseline models, achieving 99.19% test accuracy and 99.20% precision while maintaining low computational complexity. We further confirmed model stability using stratified 5-fold and 10-fold cross-validation on both the constructed RLD and multi-source datasets, achieving mean accuracies of 98.04% and 98.13% on the constructed RLD dataset and 98.11% and 98.58% on the multi-source dataset, respectively. Moreover, our models compact size and 85.17 FPS inference speed support real-time deployment. Finally, the model was integrated into an IoT-enabled mobile, web, and cloud-based inference framework, demonstrating its practical potential for scalable rice disease detection in smart agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:08:16Z","timestamp":1789495696000},"page":"e0356383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IoT-RiceMobileNet: An improved lightweight MobileNetV2 Model for real-time multi-class rice disease detection using IoT"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6656-5914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khawja Imran","family":"Masud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology","place":["Gazipur, Bangladesh"],"department":["Department of Computer Science and 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