{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:57:56Z","timestamp":1790791076088,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010841","name":"Paleontological Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010841","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012199","name":"Jurassic Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011375","name":"Paleontological Research Institution","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012106","name":"Systematics Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012106","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1925973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1925973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The only recorded member of the bird-like Troodontidae from Early Cretaceous North America is\n                    <jats:italic>Geminiraptor suarezarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , known from an isolated maxilla recovered from the Suarez Site bonebed of the basal Cedar Mountain Formation (Utah, USA).\n                    <jats:italic>Geminiraptor<\/jats:italic>\n                    would be one of the geologically oldest and largest-bodied troodontids on the continent and a key taxon for understanding evolutionary, ecological, and biogeographic patterns in this clade. However, the association of the holotype specimen with a monodominant therizinosaurian bonebed, a poor understanding of early therizinosaurian crania, and a host of newly available comparative material since its original description, call for a reassessment of this important specimen. Here we redescribe the holotype maxilla of\n                    <jats:italic>Geminiraptor<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other cranial bones from the Suarez Site bonebed using updated anatomical, morphometric, and phylogenetic datasets. Several features of the holotype maxilla and other cranial bones (including a frontal, postorbitals, a quadrate, dentaries, a possible lacrimal, and a fragmentary braincase) are now known to characterize early diverging therizinosaurians or are more broadly distributed within Theropoda. Computed tomography data reveal previously unrecognized replacement teeth in the maxilla with a stout, lanceolate, labially convex morphology, a prominent lingual median ridge and basal swelling, and minute denticles. These features are consistent with the dentition of early therizinosaurians (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>Falcarius, Jianchangosaurus, Beipiaosaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) instead of troodontids. Morphometric analyses of coelurosaurian maxillae demonstrate substantial overlap in morphospace between early therizinosaurians, troodontids, and\n                    <jats:italic>Geminiraptor.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Phylogenetic analyses recover the specimen as the sister taxon to\n                    <jats:italic>Falcarius utahensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    at the base of Therizinosauria. Accordingly, we reidentify \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>Geminiraptor<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201d as a therizinosaurian and establish a novel combination,\n                    <jats:italic>Falcarius suarezarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This introduces a fourth therizinosaurian to the earliest Cretaceous of North America and restricts definitive, large-bodied troodontids to the Late Cretaceous. Shared maxillary proportions of early coelurosaurians may reflect morphological constraints and a non-carnivorous diet, converged upon by late-branching troodontids.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:25:31Z","timestamp":1790789131000},"page":"e0356471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reassessment of the Early Cretaceous North American \u201ctroodontid\u201d Geminiraptor suarezarum as a therizinosaurian and mosaic evolution of coelurosaurian maxillae"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7770-5330","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William J.","family":"Freimuth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences","place":["Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America"]},{"name":"North Carolina State University","place":["Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua R.","family":"Lively","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prehistoric Museum, Utah State University Eastern","place":["Price, Utah, United States of America"]},{"name":"Utah State University","place":["Logan, Utah, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Geosciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay E.","family":"Zanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences","place":["Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America"]},{"name":"North Carolina State University","place":["Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Biological Sciences"]},{"name":"Field Museum of Natural History","place":["Chicago, Illinois, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Geology"]},{"name":"Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Utah","place":["Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America"]},{"name":"Vertebrate Paleontology, Sam Noble Museum","place":["Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America"]},{"name":"Stellenbosch University","place":["Stellenbosch, South Africa"],"department":["Department of Earth Sciences"]},{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of Witwatersrand","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0356471.ref001","unstructured":"de Beer G. 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