{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:19:31Z","timestamp":1787941171574,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since 2002, the Farm Block Development Program was one of the flagship initiatives within Zambia\u2019s agricultural policy. This program was designed to promote commercialization of rural agricultural lands, to contribute to national food security, economic growth, and improved rural livelihoods. However, host community concerns remained untold. This paper aimed at shedding light on those concerns, and the factors associated with household incomes. A qualitative evaluation of submissions from Luena Farm Block residents in Kawambwa district in Zambia, showed that reticent project reception; fears of displacement, job scarcity, environmental damage, and cultural erosion were major issues for the local community. Further, a quantitative evaluation of data from 5286 respondents, using Tobit models established that 95% of household incomes were below Zambia\u2019s official minimum wage, and the rural average income. Censored Least Absolute Deviation regression revealed that the household income factors were education, household size, cultivated area, and land tenure security. Environment-level income factors were health facility presence, and water access. The conclusion urged a cautious approach to achieve sustainable farm block development. Policy recommendations were that community needs and interests should be mainstreamed in the Farm Block Development Program. Education and health facilities should be promoted to enhance literacy and productivity. Mechanization should be promoted to expand crop areas and production efficiency. Land tenure security should be facilitated to protect fixed investments. Safe water access should be promoted to support irrigation and public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0356479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:51:07Z","timestamp":1787939467000},"page":"e0356479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Community perspectives on the Zambian Farm Block Development Program and an evaluation of household income factors: Lessons from Kawambwa district"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9218-3208","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Obed","family":"Chanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0356479.ref001","author":"K Swargiary","year":"2024"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0356479.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14836","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214836","article-title":"Reversing years for global food security: a review of the food security situation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)","volume":"19","author":"AH Wudil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0356479.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-025-00576-7","article-title":"Sub-Saharan Africa\u2019s unparalleled food crisis: a survey on root causes and unsuccessful interventions","volume":"14","author":"V Bell","year":"2026","journal-title":"Agric Food Secur"},{"issue":"46","key":"pone.0356479.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2019.1606411","article-title":"From Maputo to Malabo: public agricultural spending and food security in Africa","volume":"51","author":"C Fontan Sers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Econ"},{"key":"pone.0356479.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.139515","article-title":"Global hunger index: a multistage coefficient estimation analysis using machine learning techniques for a hunger free society","volume":"429","author":"E Sreehari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0356479.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114559","article-title":"Agriculture as a determinant of\u00a0Zambian\u00a0economic sustainability","volume":"12","author":"J Phiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0356479.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.4236\/me.2021.122018","article-title":"Path to Progress: Sub-Saharan Africa\u2019s economic convergence\u2014learnings for\u00a0Zambia\u00a0to overcome the middle-income trap","volume":"12","author":"B Kapotwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"ME"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0356479.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.1953","article-title":"Economic growth and human development: evidence from Zambia","volume":"27","author":"S Chikalipah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainable Development"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0356479.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.4236\/tel.2022.122023","article-title":"Economic growth and its pro-poorness in Zambia 2006-2015: to what extent?","volume":"12","author":"IC Filakati","year":"2022","journal-title":"TEL"},{"key":"pone.0356479.ref010","first-page":"329","article-title":"Fiscal policy and economic growth in Zambia","volume":"15","author":"T Yangailo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Econ Aziend Online"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0356479.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/2319714520938901","article-title":"Public expenditure and economic growth: evidence from the developing countries","volume":"9","author":"D Ahuja","year":"2020","journal-title":"FIIB Business Review"},{"key":"pone.0356479.ref012","author":"A De La Fuente","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inequality and Poverty in Zambia. 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